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Papers Published in the International Journal of Sediment Research Volume 34, No.5, 2019
Release time: 2019-10-17


International Journal of Sediment Research

Volume 34, Issue 5

Pages 401-508 (October 2019)

Use of incipient motion data for backward erosion piping models

Vera M. van Beek, Bryant A. Robbins, Gijs J.C.M. Hoffmans, Adam Bezuijen, Leo C. van Rijn

Pages 401-408

Determination of the particle load based on detailed suspended sediment measurements at a hydropower plant

Anant Kumar Rai, Arun Kumar

Pages 409-421

Estimating instantaneous concentration of suspended sediment using acoustic backscatter from an ADV

Wenjie Li, Shengfa Yang, Wei Yang, Yi Xiao, Xuhui Fu, Shuaishuai Zhang

Pages 422-431

Clay minerals in the late Quaternary sediment of Tulare Lake, California: Implications for climate change, weathering, and erosion processes

Junhua Guo, Christine Pyles, William Krugh, Rob Negrini

Pages 432-443

Effect of self-weight consolidation on a hydro-sedimentological model for the Río de la Plata estuary

Pablo Santoro, Mónica Fossati, Pablo Tassi, Nicolas Huybrechts, DamienPham Van Bang, Ismael Piedra-Cueva

Pages 444-454

Erosion probability model of base-soil particle migration into a granular filter under local flow

Yuan Wei, Mei-li Zhan, Qing-fu Huang, Jin-chang Sheng, Yulong Luo, Qing Zhou

Pages 455-460

Physical and coupled fully three-dimensional numerical modeling of pressurized bottom outlet flushing processes in reservoirs

Ousmane Sawadogo, Gerrit R. Basson, Simon Schneiderbauer

Pages 461-474

Unpaved rural roads as source areas of sediment in a watershed of the Brazilian semi-arid region

Teresa Raquel Lima Farias, Pedro Henrique Augusto Medeiros, Joaquín Navarro-Hevia, José Carlos de Araújo

Pages 475-485

Effect of phosphatation and calcination on the environmental behaviour of sediments

Moussa Dia, Rachid Zentar, Nor-edine Abriak, Ange Nzihou, Guy Depelsenaire, Alain Germeau

Pages 486-495

Turbulence and suspended sediment processes in the Garonne River tidal bore in November 2016

David Reungoat, Xinqian Leng, Hubert Chanson

Pages 496-508

===========================================

Vera M. van Beek, Bryant A. Robbins, Gijs J.C.M. Hoffmans, Adam Bezuijen, Leo C. van Rijn,

Use of incipient motion data for backward erosion piping models,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 5,

2019,

Pages 401-408,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.03.001. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S100162791730207X)

Abstract

Backward erosion piping involves the gradual removal of granular material under the action of water flow from the foundation of a dam or levee, whereby shallow pipes are formed that grow in the direction opposite to the flow. This pipe-forming process can ultimately lead to failure of a water-retaining structure and is considered one of the most important failure mechanisms for dikes and levees in the Netherlands and the United States. Modeling of this mechanism requires the assessment of hydraulic conditions in the pipe, which are controlled by the particle equilibrium at the pipe wall. Since the pipe?s dimensions are controlled by the inflow to the pipe from the porous medium, the flow through the pipe is thought to be laminar for fine- to medium-grained sands. The literature provides data for incipient motion in laminar flow, which is reviewed here and complemented with data from backward erosion experiments. The experiments illustrate the applicability of the laminar incipient motion data to determine the erosion pipe dimensions and corresponding pipe hydraulics for fine- to medium-grained sands, for the purpose of backward erosion piping modeling.

Keywords

Internal erosion; Backward erosion piping; Cylindrical test; Incipient motion; Dikes; Levees

Anant Kumar Rai, Arun Kumar,

Determination of the particle load based on detailed suspended sediment measurements at a hydropower plant,

Volume 34, Issue 5,

2019,

Pages 409-421,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.04.001.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918300027)

Abstract

Suspended sediment particles contained in inflows of water systems of hydropower plants (HPPs) cause hydro-abrasive erosion of the hydraulic turbines and structures leading to significant maintenance costs, efficiency reductions, and downtime. Relevant parameters such as suspended sediment concentration (SSC), particle size distribution (PSD), shape, and mineralogical composition were measured with an online multi-frequency acoustic instrument and based on manually taken samples from the end of the sand trap of the Toss HPP in the Himalayan region, India. In the laboratory, the samples were analyzed using the gravimetric method, laser diffraction, turbidity, dynamic digital image processing, scanning electron microscope, petrography analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The online instrument and the samples provided measurement results at a single point. To investigate vertical gradients in concentration and particle sizes, additional samples were collected 9 times at 7 relative water depths. The SSC, most particle sizes, and particle shape were found to be evenly distributed over depth except d90, i.e. the diameter which is not exceeded by 90% of the particle mass. d90 measured at 76% of the water depth was in the range of fine sand and was multiplied by 1.05 to obtain an average value representative for the entire depth. Improved methodologies to quantify both particle shape and size in an analytical model for hydro-abrasive erosion are proposed. Also, the PSD measuring performance of laser diffraction and dynamic imaging was studied and similar values of the median particle sizes were obtained from both instruments. Further, multi-frequency acoustic, turbidity and laser diffraction techniques were found suitable for SSC measurement at the test case HPP.

Keywords

Suspended sediment concentration; Hydro-abrasive erosion; Hydropower; Particle size distribution; Particle shape; Mineralogical composition

Wenjie Li, Shengfa Yang, Wei Yang, Yi Xiao, Xuhui Fu, Shuaishuai Zhang,

Estimating instantaneous concentration of suspended sediment using acoustic backscatter from an ADV,

Volume 34, Issue 5,

2019,

Pages 422-431,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.10.012. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918300970#!)

?Abstract

The measurement of instantaneous sediment concentration remains a challenging task. In this study, a three-step procedure is proposed to estimate instantaneous sediment concentration using acoustic backscatter from Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). The influences of acoustic noise and particle diameter on an ADV?s performance was first tested in the laboratory, then the three-step procedure was verified based on field measurements in the Zhongxian and Fengjie reaches in the Three Gorges Reservoir. The first step involves reconstructing the backscatter signal time series. Due to contamination from both the noise floor and spurious spikes, the denoising-despiking method was applied instead of the traditional velocity-despiking methods, and this approach performed well based on spectrum analysis. The second step involves calibrating the sediment concentration against the backscatter signal. A linear relation, whose slope and intercept were calibrated to be dependent on particle diameter, is proposed in double logarithmic coordinates. The third step involves calculating the instantaneous sediment concentration using reconstructed instantaneous backscatter based on the proposed relation. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated through consideration of the concentration spectrum and sediment flux, indicating that the proposed three-step procedure is effective for the measurement of instantaneous sediment concentration.

Keywords

Instantaneous sediment concentration; Acoustic backscatter intensity; Denoising-despiking; Particle diameter; Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter

Junhua Guo, Christine Pyles, William Krugh, Rob Negrini,

Clay minerals in the late Quaternary sediment of Tulare Lake, California: Implications for climate change, weathering, and erosion processes,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 5,

2019,

Pages 432-443,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.12.006.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918302555)

Abstract

The clay mineralogy of Tulare Lake sediment was examined to investigate hydroclimatic and environmental changes in the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains (SNM) since the most recent glacial maximum. Evolution of clay mineral assemblages elucidates significant changes in weathering, erosion, and hydroclimatic condition in the catchment. During the last glacial period (24.4–15.1?cal ka BP), low illite content implies less physical erosion of the granitic batholith rocks and a cold and arid environment in the southern SNM. Abrupt increases of illite content at 21.8–20.8 and 17.6?cal ka BP resulted from the glacier advances to the ablation zone and illite-rich glacier flour was transported down to the lake. The gradual increase of smectite induced by progressive depletion of illite-rich glacier flour from 17.6?cal ka BP toward the end of this period indicates climate was beginning to get warm and wet. From 11.9 to 5.3?cal ka BP, two warm and wet periods (10.7–9.4 and 8.2–5.2?cal ka BP) were characterized by high smectite/illite content ratios and low illite crystallinity values, suggesting intensive rainfall precipitation and more physical erosion in the highland and lowland catchment as well as more smectite formation in the terrace soils. Since the last glacial period, physical erosion, in comparison to the chemical weathering, was the dominant process responding to the hydroclimatic change in the Tulare Lake catchment. Moderate to weak chemical weathering was signified by the mostly low illite chemical weathering index of the core sediments. Such results suggest that vegetation cover in the southern SNM was low and limited.

Keywords

Clay mineralogy; Sierra Nevada Mountains; Glaciers; Weathering; Tulare Lake

Pablo Santoro, Mónica Fossati, Pablo Tassi, Nicolas Huybrechts, DamienPham Van Bang, Ismael Piedra-Cueva,

Effect of self-weight consolidation on a hydro-sedimentological model for the Río de la Plata estuary,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 5,

2019,

Pages 444-454,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.12.004. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918301549)

Abstract

The effect of the consolidation process on the morphodynamics and fine sediment dynamics of the Río de la Plata estuary is explored through a circulation-wave-sediment transport model. The consolidation model is calibrated based on settling column experimental data. Different simulations are done in order to initialize the mud layer distribution and to investigate the impact of different erosion parameter assumptions on the modeled sediment dynamics. Finally, a two-year simulation is done with and without the consolidation process and realistic hydrodynamic forcings. Considering the consolidation process, the model correctly reproduces measured vertical density profiles in the Montevideo Bay access channel. The simulated suspended sediment dynamics behavior in Montevideo Bay with the consolidation process provides a more realistic deposition pattern in regard to the dredging activities.

Keywords

Cohesive sediment; Self-weight consolidation; Morphodynamics; Numerical modeling

Yuan Wei, Mei-li Zhan, Qing-fu Huang, Jin-chang Sheng, Yulong Luo, Qing Zhou,

Erosion probability model of base-soil particle migration into a granular filter under local flow,

Volume 34, Issue 5,

2019,

Pages 455-460,

ISSN 100-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.11.00.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918301240)

Abstract

To avoid soil erosion, filters often are installed in the downstream cross section of dams. However, the probability of piping failure and the filter effect both are related to the soil pore network. Previous erosion probability models for a base soil-filter system do not consider the effect of local flow. Therefore, in this study, an improved erosion probability model is established, in which the deviation between the main flow direction of the soil and the local flow direction in the filter was considered based on a previous model. The improved model was validated by numerical simulation. The erosion probability was found to affect the reasonable evaluation of filter effects and the optimal selection of filter thickness. The controlling constriction size in a granular filter was increased to Dc* = Dc5 with a filter thickness of 59 Dm.

Keywords

Granular filter; Pore network; Erosion probability; Local flow; Deviation probability

Ousmane Sawadogo, Gerrit R. Basson, Simon Schneiderbauer,

Physical and coupled fully three-dimensional numerical modeling of pressurized bottom outlet flushing processes in reservoirs,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 5,

2019,

Pages 461-474,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.02.001. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918301914)

Abstract

Sediment deposition in reservoirs is an important research topic in engineering practice. Reservoir sedimentation has the potential to affect flood levels, drainage for agricultural land, pump station and hydropower operation as well as navigation. This paper describes the development of a coupled fully three-dimensional (3D) numerical model for the prediction of the local sediment flushing scour upstream of the bottom outlet. The presented numerical model solves the Navier-Stokes equations in conjunction with the k-ε turbulence model which includes both sediment transport and hydrodynamic parameters. The proposed coupled fully 3D numerical model is used to simulate experimental tests based on non-cohesive sediment. The geometric features of the scour hole (temporal and spatial hole development) upstream of the bottom outlet were reasonably well predicted compared to the experimental data. Furthermore, the velocity field upstream of the bottom outlet was in good agreement with measurements. The proposed numerical model for bottom outlet flushing was, therefore, validated because of its ability to accurately predict the scour hole development during the flushing process. The proposed numerical model can be considered reliable provided that the model is correctly calibrated and set up to reflect the conditions of a particular case study.

Keywords

Bottom outlet; Coupled flow/sediment model; Sediment flushing; 3D numerical model; Packed bed; Reservoir

Teresa Raquel Lima Farias, Pedro Henrique Augusto Medeiros, Joaquín Navarro-Hevia, José Carlos de Araújo,

Unpaved rural roads as source areas of sediment in a watershed of the Brazilian semi-arid region,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 5,

2019,

Pages 475-485,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.03.002. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918302051)

Abstract

Approximately 80% of the road network in Brazil is unpaved and shows evidences of a high erosion potential. In the semi-arid Caatinga Biome in the northeast of the country, a monitoring programme has been done for two years in order to analyze runoff and sediment production from unpaved rural roadways and from embankments. Sediment production ranged from 0.30 to 0.92?Mg/ha?yr, higher than in undisturbed areas, but generally lower than that reported for unpaved roads in other regions. However, this is a semi-arid area with low rainfall and runoff and, hence, with a limited hydrological connectivity and sediment production. Sediment production on an embankment with no vegetation was around ten times higher than on an embankment with vegetation. On the road surface, annual sediment production (normalized for gradient) in a section with traffic was three times higher than for a road surface without traffic. In addition, events that occurred after roadway maintenance activities generated peaks of sediment concentration of over 5000?mg/L. These results suggest that sediment production from roads and embankments with bare surfaces is at least one order of magnitude higher than in undisturbed catchment areas. Maintenance activity and vehicle traffic contribute to an increase in sediment availability and impact on the sediment concentration, but less intensely on sediment loads, which depend on the runoff magnitude of the events occurring after roadway maintenance. It was also found that the natural vegetation of the semi-arid region potentially captures sediment on roadway embankments; thereby playing an important role in breaking connectivity between the sediment flow from unpaved roads and the natural drainage system of the catchment.

Keywords

Sediment production; Caatinga vegetation; Road maintenance; Embankment

Moussa Dia, Rachid Zentar, Nor-edine Abriak, Ange Nzihou, Guy Depelsenaire, Alain Germeau,

Effect of phosphatation and calcination on the environmental behaviour of sediments,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 5,

2019,

Pages 486-495,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.10.002.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918302257)

Abstract

Dredging operations produce considerable quantities of materials, to be managed and this opens an opportunity for valorization in civil engineering. However, the contamination of the dredged sediments has become a major problem to solve. The major contaminants are heavy metals and organic compounds. This study focuses on the use of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) to stabilize heavy metals from sediments and destroy organic matter by calcination at 650?°C with a goal of using sediments in roadworks. Several studies have been conducted in this field. The stabilized materials obtained have been used in civil engineering. The main purpose of this work is to discuss the environmental behavior of marine sediment treated by phosphatation and calcination. Two types of phosphoric acids were used. The pH dependence leaching test has been used as the basic characterization to evaluate the effect of the type of phosphoric acid on the metals behavior in a valorization scenario. The standard leaching test and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) were conducted as compliance tests. In regards of the obtained results, the environmental assessment has also shown a reduction in the availability of targeted heavy metals in alkaline environment whatever the type of acid used for treatment. This opens opportunities for co-valorization.

 

Keywords

Polluted sediments; Heavy metals; Phosphatation; Calcination and environmental behavior

David Reungoat, Xinqian Leng, Hubert Chanson,

Turbulence and suspended sediment processes in the Garonne River tidal bore in November 2016,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 5,

2019,

Pages 496-508,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.03.003.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918302245)

Abstract

A tidal bore is a water discontinuity at the leading edge of a flood tide wave in estuaries with a large tidal range and funneling topography. New measurements were done in the Garonne River tidal bore on 14–15 November 2016, at a site previously investigated between 2010 and 2015. The data focused on long, continuous, high-frequency records of instantaneous velocity and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) estimate for several hours during the late ebb, tidal bore passage and flood tide. The bore passage drastically modified the flow field, with very intense turbulent and sediment mixing. This was evidenced with large and rapid fluctuations of both velocity and Reynolds stress, as well as large SSCs during the flood tide. Granulometry data indicated larger grain sizes of suspended sediment in water samples compared to sediment bed material, with a broader distribution, shortly after the tidal bore. The tidal bore induced a sudden suspended sediment flux reversal and a large increase in suspended sediment flux magnitude. The time-variations of turbulent velocity and suspended sediment properties indicated large fluctuations throughout the entire data set. The ratio of integral time scales of SSC to velocity in the x-direction was on average TE,SSC/TE,x ~ 0.16 during the late ebb tide, compared to TE,SSC/TE,x ~ 0.09 during the late flood tide. The results imply different time scales between turbulent velocities and suspended sediment concentrations.

Keywords

Tidal bore; Garonne River; Hydrodynamics; Suspended sediment; Field observations; Turbulence-sediment suspension interactions

 

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