Papers Published in the
International Journal of Sediment Research Volume 34, No.2, 2019
International Journal of
Sediment Research
Volume 34, Issue 2
Pages 85-190 (April 2019)
A SEM-based method to
determine the mineralogical composition and the particle size distribution of
suspended sediment
Sylvain Pinet, Bruno
Lartiges, Jean-Michel Martinez, Sylvain Ouillon
Pages 85-94
Artificial neural network
simulation for prediction of suspended sediment concentration in the River
Ramganga, Ganges Basin, India
Mohd Yawar Ali Khan,
Fuqiang Tian, Faisal Hasan, Govind Joseph Chakrapani
Pages 95-107
Unexpected sedimentation
patterns upstream and downstream of the Three Gorges Reservoir: Future risks
Yifan Huang, Jinsheng
Wang, Mei Yang
Pages 108-117
Characterization of
horseshoe vortex in a developing scour hole at a cylindrical bridge pier
Dawei Guan, Yee-Meng
Chiew, Maoxing Wei, Shih-Chun Hsieh
Pages 118-124
Prediction of daily
sediment discharge using a back propagation neural network training algorithm:
A case study of the Narmada River, India
Nibedita Bisoyi, Harish
Gupta, Narayan Prasad Padhy, Govind Joseph Chakrapani
Pages 125-135
Effects of non-submerged
boulder on flow characteristics – A field investigation
Hossein Afzalimehr,
Mohammad Reza Maddahi, Danial Naziri, Jueyi Sui
Pages 136-143
Erodibility study of
sediment in a fast-flowing river
Cheng He, David Nguyen
Pages 144-154
Dynamic characterization
of the migration of a mining pit in an alluvial channel
Bandita Barman, Bimlesh
Kumar, Arup Kumar Sarma
Pages 155-165
Modeling aggregate size
distribution of eroded sediment resulting from rain-splash and raindrop
impacted flow processes
Selen Deviren Saygin,
Gunay Erpul
Pages 166-177
Evaluation of
redox-sensitive metals in marine surface sediments influenced by the oxygen
minimum zone of the Humboldt Current System, Northern Chile
Alexis Castillo, Jorge
Valdés, Abdel Sifeddine, Sue-Ellen Vega, JavierDíaz-Ochoa, Yery Marambio
Pages 178-190
===========================================
Sylvain Pinet, Bruno
Lartiges, Jean-Michel Martinez, Sylvain Ouillon,
A SEM-based method to
determine the mineralogical composition and the particle size distribution of
suspended sediment,
International Journal of
Sediment Research,
Volume 34, Issue 2,
2019,
Pages 85-94
ISSN 1001-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.10.005
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627916301536)
Abstract
A robust method for
characterizing the mineralogy of suspended sediment in continental rivers is
introduced. It encompasses 3 steps: the filtration of a few milliliters of
water, measurements of X-ray energy dispersive spectra using Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM), and robust machine learning tools of classification. The
method is applied to suspended particles collected from various Amazonian
rivers. A total of more than 204,000 particles were analyzed by SEM-EDXS
(Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), i.e. about 15,700 particles per
sampling station, which lead to the identification of 15 distinct groups of
mineralogical phases. The size distribution of particles collected on the
filters was derived from the SEM micrographs taken in the backscattered electron
imaging mode and analyzed with ImageJ freeware. The determination of the main
mineralogical groups composing the bulk sediment associated with physical
parameters such as particle size distribution or aspect ratio allows a precise
characterization of the load of the terrigenous particles in rivers or lakes.
In the case of the Amazonian rivers investigated, the results show that the
identified mineralogies are consistent with previous studies as well as between
the different samples collected. The method enabled the evolution of grain size
distribution from fine to coarse material to be described in the water column.
Implications about hydrodynamic sorting of mineral particles in the water
column are also briefly discussed. The proposed method appears well suited for
intensive routine monitoring of suspended sediment in river systems.
Keywords
Mineralogy; Scanning
Electron Microscopy; Suspended sediment; Machine learning; Particle size
distribution
Mohd Yawar Ali Khan,
Fuqiang Tian, Faisal Hasan, Govind Joseph Chakrapani,
Artificial neural network
simulation for prediction of suspended sediment concentration in the River
Ramganga, Ganges Basin, India,
Volume 34, Issue 2,
2019,
Pages 95-107
ISSN 1001-6279
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.09.001.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917303232)
Abstract
The relation between the
water discharge (Q) and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) of the River
Ramganga at Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, in the Himalayas, has been modeled using
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The current study validates the practical
capability and usefulness of this tool for simulating complex nonlinear, real
world, river system processes in the Himalayan scenario. The modeling approach
is based on the time series data collected from January to December (2008–2010)
for Q and SSC. Three ANNs (T1-T3) with different network configurations have
been developed and trained using the Levenberg Marquardt Back Propagation
Algorithm in the Matlab routines. Networks were optimized using the enumeration
technique, and, finally, the best network is used to predict the SSC values for
the year 2011. The values thus obtained through the ANN model are compared with
the observed values of SSC. The coefficient of determination (R2), for the
optimal network was found to be 0.99. The study not only provides insight into
ANN modeling in the Himalayan river scenario, but it also focuses on the
importance of understanding a river basin and the factors that affect the SSC,
before attempting to model it. Despite the temporal variations in the study
area, it is possible to model and successfully predict the SSC values with very
simplistic ANN models.
Keywords
ANN; Water discharge;
Suspended sediment concentration prediction; Ramganga River; Himalayas
Yifan Huang, Jinsheng
Wang, Mei Yang,
Unexpected sedimentation
patterns upstream and downstream of the Three Gorges Reservoir: Future risks,
International Journal of
Sediment Research,
Volume 34, Issue 2,
2019,
Pages 108-117,
ISSN 1001-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.05.004.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917304171)
Abstract
This paper summarizes the
latest developments, future prospects, and proposed countermeasures of
reservoir sedimentation and channel scour downstream of the Three Gorges
Reservoir (TGR) on the Yangtze River in China. Three key results have been
found. (1) The incoming sediment load to the TGR has been significantly lower
than expected. (2) The accumulated volume of sediment deposition in the TGR is
smaller than expected because the overall sediment delivery ratio is relatively
low, and the deposition in the near-dam area of the TGR is still developing.
(3) River bed scour in the river reaches downstream of the Gezhouba Dam is
still occurring and channel scour has extended to reaches as far downstream as
the Hukou reach. Significantly, sedimentation of the TGR is less problematic
than expected since the start of operation of the TGR on the one hand; on the
other hand, the possible increases in sediment risks from dependence on
upstream sediment control, deposition in the reservoir, and scour along middle
Yangtze River should be paid more attention. (1) Sediment trapped by dams built
along the upper Yangtze River and billion tons of loose materials on unstable
slopes produced by the Wenchuan Earthquake could be new sediment sources for
the upper Yangtze River. More seriously, possible release of this sediment into
the upper Yangtze River due to new earthquakes or extreme climate events could
overwhelm the river system, and produce catastrophic consequences. (2)
Increasing sediment deposition in the TGR is harmful to the safety and
efficiency of project operation and navigation. (3) The drastic scour along the
middle Yangtze River has intensified the down-cutting of the riverbed and
erosion of revetment, it has already led to increasing risk to flood control
structures and ecological safety. It is suggested to continue the Field
Observation Program, to initiate research programs and to focus on risks of
sedimentation.
Keywords
Yangtze River; Three
Gorges Reservoir; Sedimentation; Risk
Dawei Guan, Yee-Meng
Chiew, Maoxing Wei, Shih-Chun Hsieh,
Characterization of
horseshoe vortex in a developing scour hole at a cylindrical bridge pier,
International Journal of
Sediment Research,
Volume 34, Issue 2,
2019,
Pages 118-124
ISSN 1001-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.07.001.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917303815)
Abstract
Since local scour at
bridge piers in rivers and estuaries is a major cause of bridge failure,
estimation of the maximum local scour depth is of great importance to hydraulic
and coastal engineers. Although numerous studies that focus on scour-depth
prediction have been done and published, understanding of the flow and
turbulence characteristics of the horseshoe vortex that drives the scour
mechanism in a developing scour hole still is immature. This study aims to
quantify the detailed turbulent flow field in a developing clear-water scour
hole at a circular pier using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The
distributions of velocity fields, turbulence intensities, and Reynolds shear
stresses of the horseshoe vortex that form in front of the pier at different
scour stages (t = 0, 0.5, 1, 12, 24, and 48?h) are presented in this paper.
During scour development, the horseshoe vortex system was found to evolve from
one initially small vortex to three vortices. The strength and size of the main
vortex are found to increase with increasing scour depth. The regions of both
the maximum turbulence intensity and Reynolds shear stress are found to form at
a location upstream of the main vortex, where the large turbulent eddies have
the highest possibility of occurrence. Results from this study not only provide
new insight into the complex flow-sediment interaction at bridge piers, but
also provide valuable experimental databases for advanced numerical
simulations.
Keywords
Sediment transport; Scour;
Bridge pier; PIV; Horseshoe vortex; Turbulence; Scour hole
Nibedita Bisoyi, Harish
Gupta, Narayan Prasad Padhy, Govind Joseph Chakrapani,
Prediction of daily
sediment discharge using a back propagation neural network training algorithm:
A case study of the Narmada River, India,
International Journal of
Sediment Research,
Volume 34, Issue 2,
2019,
Pages 125-135,
ISSN 1001-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.10.010.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918300489)
Abstract
Most of the studies on
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models remain restricted to smaller rivers and
catchments. In this paper, an attempt has been made to correlate variability of
sediment loads with rainfall and runoff through the application of the Back
Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) algorithm for a large tropical river. The
algorithm and simulation are done through MATLAB environment. The methodology
comprised of a collection of data on rainfall, water discharge, and sediment
discharge for the Narmada River at various locations (along with time
variables) and application to develop a three-layer BPNN model for the
prediction of sediment discharges. For training and validation purposes a set
of 549 data points for the monsoon (16 June-15 November) period of three
consecutive years (1996–1998) was used. For testing purposes, the BPNN model
was further trained using a set of 732 data points of monsoon season of four
years (2006–07 to 2009–10) at nine stations. The model was tested by predicting
daily sediment load for the monsoon season of the year 2010–11. To evaluate the
performance of the BPNN model, errors were calculated by comparing the actual
and predicted loads. The validation and testing results obtained at all these
locations are tabulated and discussed. Results obtained from the model
application are robust and encouraging not only for the sub-basins but also for
the entire basin. These results suggest that the proposed model is capable of
predicting the daily sediment load even at downstream locations, which show
nonlinearity in the transportation process. Overall, the proposed model with
further training might be useful in the prediction of sediment discharges for
large river basins.
Keywords
Artificial neural
network; Back propagation; Sediment discharge; Prediction; Error; Narmada River
Hossein Afzalimehr,
Mohammad Reza Maddahi, Danial Naziri, Jueyi Sui,
Effects of non-submerged
boulder on flow characteristics – A field investigation,
International Journal of
Sediment Research,
Volume 34, Issue 2,
2019,
Pages 136-143,
ISSN 100-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.10.007.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918302610)
Abstract
The effect of fully
submerged boulders on the flow structure in channels has been studied by some
researchers. However, many natural streams have bed material with boulders that
are not fully submerged under water. In many natural streams, boulders cover
between 1% and 10% of the area of the stream reach. The effect of non-submerged
boulders on the velocity profile and flow characteristics is very important for
assessing riverbed deformation. The objectives of this paper are to find the
pattern of velocity distribution around a non-submerged boulder and to compare
it with the classical studies on flow resistance and Reynolds stress
distribution in open channels. Also, by considering the variation in the
Reynolds stress distribution at different locations around a non-submerged
boulder, the effect of a non-submerged boulder on the estimation of shear
velocity and resistance to flow has been investigated. Results indicates that
inside the scour hole caused by a non-submerged boulder in a river velocity
distributions are irregular. However, velocity distributions are regular
outside the scour hole. The presence of the boulder causes a considerable
deviation of the Reynolds shear stress from the classic distribution, showing a
non-specific distribution with negative values. The classical methods for
calculating shear velocity are not suitable because these methods do not give
detailed velocity and Reynolds stress distributions in natural rivers with a
lot of boulders. Thus, the effect of a non-submerged boulder on the estimation
of the resistance to flow by considering the variations in velocity and
Reynolds stress distributions at different locations around a non-submerged
boulder is important and needs to be studied in a natural river instead of just
in laboratory flumes. The negative values in Reynolds stress distribution
around a boulder indicate that the classical methods are unable to predict
resistance to flow, and also show strong turbulence inside the scour hole where
the complex flow conditions present ambiguous Reynolds stress distributions. In
the current study, to obtain a reasonable estimation of parameters in natural
rivers, the classical method has been modified by considering velocity and
Reynolds stress distributions through the boundary layer method.
Keywords
Irregular velocity
distribution; Logarithmic law; Non-submerged boulder; Negative Reynolds stress;
Resistance to flow
Cheng He, David Nguyen,
Erodibility study of
sediment in a fast-flowing river,
International Journal of
Sediment Research,
Volume 34, Issue 2,
2019,
Pages 144-154
ISSN 1001-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.09.002.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917302469)
Abstract
Determination of sediment
stability in the field is challenging because bed shear stress (BSS), a
determining factor of sediment erosion, can’t easily be directly measured. To
tackle this challenge and reliably assess sediment erodibility in a fast
flowing river, a standalone underwater camera system and a new in-situ flume
(ISF) were developed and applied in this study. The camera system was used to
record sediment movement and the new ISF was used for measuring critical bottom
shear stress (CBSS). The camera can be deployed alone in water to record videos
or take pictures with light emitting diode (LED) lighting and flexible schedule
settings. The ISF is based on the concept that the amount of force needed to
erode the same particle under different flow conditions should be similar. Two
high resolution Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) also were deployed in
the field to collect velocity-depth profiles which are used by conventional
methods to calculate BSS with the law of the wall. The sediment erodibility was
then assessed based on the comparison between the obtained CBSS and BSS and
then further verified with the recorded observations from the deployed camera.
The results reveal that the widely used conventional method can produce large
uncertainties and is not adequate to provide meaningful conclusion under these
conditions.
Keywords
Sediment erodibility; Bed
shear stress; Critical bed shear stress; Underwater camera
Bandita Barman, Bimlesh
Kumar, Arup Kumar Sarma
Dynamic characterization
of the migration of a mining pit in an alluvial channel,
International Journal of
Sediment Research,
Volume 34, Issue 2,
2019,
Pages 155-165,
ISSN 1001-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.10.009.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918300507)
Abstract
Research on in-channel
sand mining is imperative as it may have a significant impact on channel
morphology. Following this quest to quantitatively comprehend the phenomenon,
experimental studies were done to investigate the dynamic characteristics of
the migration of a mining pit. The evaluation of the migration rate of a mining
pit in a physical scale model has found a rise in the migration rate of the pit?s
upstream edge with increasing discharge. A wavelet analysis applied for
analyzing scale-dependent migration of the bed profile of a mining pit also
revealed similar findings. Additionally, the wavelet analysis examined the
length-scale dependent migration of a mining pit and a decrease in the
migration rate has been observed with an increase in the length scale. The plan
form of a pit (length-to-width ratio) governs the erosion and deposition
processes around the pit. Both physical and statistical approaches show an
increase in the migration rate with an increase in the length-to-width ratio of
the pit. An empirical formulation has been developed for calculating the
migration rate of the upstream edge of a mining pit based on pit geometry
(length-to-width ratio), average flow velocity, and critical shear stress of
the bed material. The results also show a higher bed load transport rate in the
channel subjected to mining as compared to a plain bed channel.
Keywords
Sand mining; Migration;
Wavelet analysis; Bed load transport
Selen Deviren Saygin,
Gunay Erpul,
Modeling aggregate size
distribution of eroded sediment resulting from rain-splash and raindrop
impacted flow processes,
International Journal of
Sediment Ressearch,
Volume 34, Issue 2,
2019,
Pages 166-177,
ISSN 1001-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.10.004.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917300318)
Abstract
Soil susceptibility to
detachment and transport sub-processes of erosion is generally controled by the
aggregate breakdown mechanism. Measuring particle size and aggregation to the
estimate erodibility potential of soils is important under erosive rainfall
conditions. The Aggregate Size Distribution (ASD) is one of the most important
determinants of soil structure along with soil organic matter content for
describing the efficiency of applied, sustainable management strategies. This
study aimed to compare the performances of three different aggregate size
distribution models to predict the characteristic aggregate size parameter
(median diameter, D50) for eroded sediment from interrill erosion processes of
Rain-Splash Transport (RST) and Raindrop Impacted Flow Transport (RIFT). The
ASDs of 1143 collected sediment samples from the RST and RIFT processes were
measured and modeled by the Log-normal, Fractal, and Weibull approaches. The
D50 value, as a characteristic parameter for aggregate size distributions, derived
from the cumulative ASD curve was compared for soils from different land use
types and different slope and rainfall intensity conditions. The performance of
each model was evaluated using the Mean Square Error (MSE) and Coefficient of
Determination (R2). The Weibull approach was the most accurate model showing
the best fit with the lowest MSE values (0.0002 ≤ MSE ≤ 0.0048) and having the
greatest R2 values (0.936 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.998) when compared with the Log-normal and
Fractal models. Herewith, for semi-arid land use and soil, specific shape and
scale parameters for the Weibull distribution, the respective ASDs were
successfully re-generated for modeling the eroded sediment of the simulated RST
and RIFT interill processes.
Keywords
Aggregate size distribution;
Eroded sediment; Log-normal model; Fractal model; Weibull model
Alexis Castillo, Jorge
Valdés, Abdel Sifeddine, Sue-Ellen Vega, JavierDíaz-Ochoa, Yery Marambio,
Evaluation of
redox-sensitive metals in marine surface sediments influenced by the oxygen minimum
zone of the Humboldt Current System, Northern Chile,
International Journal of
Sediment Research,
Volume 34, Issue 2,
2019,
Pages 178-190
ISSN 1001-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.08.005.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918300647)
Abstract
Upwelling coastal systems
can be used to understand how dissolved oxygen and biological productivity
control the accumulation of redox-sensitive metals in marine sediments. The
aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), vanadium
(V), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total sulfur (TS)
contents in surficial sediment collected from different water depths (30, 70,
and 120?m) in three northern Chilean bays influenced by coastal upwelling and
oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) were measured. Principal component analysis (PCA),
cluster analysis, and Spearman?s rank correlation were used to identify the
mechanisms responsible for the redox-sensitive metal accumulation. The content
of redox-sensitive metals and organic components in sediment increased with
increasing water column depth, whereas lithogenic metals decreased. In the
Mejillones del Sur and Caldera bays, the enrichment factors of the
redox-sensitive metals showed enrichment for all metals with depth. The Cd and
V enrichments are mainly the product of biogenic flow to the seabed, and the Mo
and Ni enrichments are due to preservation under low subsurface oxygen
conditions. Sulfate reduction is not an important mechanism in the accumulation
of redox-sensitive metals in the sediment of the three bays. The PCA showed
that the behaviors of the redox-sensitive metals and organic components reflect
differences in the effects of the OMZ in sediment along the coast of northern
Chile, with a more intense OMZ in Mejillones del Sur bay and weaker OMZs in
Caldera and Inglesa bays. However, the high degree of enrichment in
redox-sensitive metals in Caldera Bay can be attributed to the intense activity
of the mining industry near the bay, a situation that produces geochemical
behavior similar to that observed in Mejillones del Sur Bay.
Keywords
Redox sensitive-metals;
Atacama Desert; Enrichment factor; Mejillones del Sur Bay; Caldera Bay system;
PCA
