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Papers Published in the International Journal of Sediment Research Volume 34, No.2, 2019
Release time: 2019-03-08

Papers Published in the International Journal of Sediment Research Volume 34, No.2, 2019

International Journal of Sediment Research

Volume 34, Issue 2

Pages 85-190 (April 2019)

 

A SEM-based method to determine the mineralogical composition and the particle size distribution of suspended sediment

Sylvain Pinet, Bruno Lartiges, Jean-Michel Martinez, Sylvain Ouillon

Pages 85-94

Artificial neural network simulation for prediction of suspended sediment concentration in the River Ramganga, Ganges Basin, India

Mohd Yawar Ali Khan, Fuqiang Tian, Faisal Hasan, Govind Joseph Chakrapani

Pages 95-107

Unexpected sedimentation patterns upstream and downstream of the Three Gorges Reservoir: Future risks

Yifan Huang, Jinsheng Wang, Mei Yang

Pages 108-117

Characterization of horseshoe vortex in a developing scour hole at a cylindrical bridge pier

Dawei Guan, Yee-Meng Chiew, Maoxing Wei, Shih-Chun Hsieh

Pages 118-124

Prediction of daily sediment discharge using a back propagation neural network training algorithm: A case study of the Narmada River, India

Nibedita Bisoyi, Harish Gupta, Narayan Prasad Padhy, Govind Joseph Chakrapani

Pages 125-135

Effects of non-submerged boulder on flow characteristics – A field investigation

Hossein Afzalimehr, Mohammad Reza Maddahi, Danial Naziri, Jueyi Sui

Pages 136-143

Erodibility study of sediment in a fast-flowing river

Cheng He, David Nguyen

Pages 144-154

Dynamic characterization of the migration of a mining pit in an alluvial channel

Bandita Barman, Bimlesh Kumar, Arup Kumar Sarma

Pages 155-165

Modeling aggregate size distribution of eroded sediment resulting from rain-splash and raindrop impacted flow processes

Selen Deviren Saygin, Gunay Erpul

Pages 166-177

Evaluation of redox-sensitive metals in marine surface sediments influenced by the oxygen minimum zone of the Humboldt Current System, Northern Chile

Alexis Castillo, Jorge Valdés, Abdel Sifeddine, Sue-Ellen Vega, JavierDíaz-Ochoa, Yery Marambio

Pages 178-190

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Sylvain Pinet, Bruno Lartiges, Jean-Michel Martinez, Sylvain Ouillon,

A SEM-based method to determine the mineralogical composition and the particle size distribution of suspended sediment,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 2,

2019,

Pages 85-94

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.10.005 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627916301536)

Abstract

A robust method for characterizing the mineralogy of suspended sediment in continental rivers is introduced. It encompasses 3 steps: the filtration of a few milliliters of water, measurements of X-ray energy dispersive spectra using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and robust machine learning tools of classification. The method is applied to suspended particles collected from various Amazonian rivers. A total of more than 204,000 particles were analyzed by SEM-EDXS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), i.e. about 15,700 particles per sampling station, which lead to the identification of 15 distinct groups of mineralogical phases. The size distribution of particles collected on the filters was derived from the SEM micrographs taken in the backscattered electron imaging mode and analyzed with ImageJ freeware. The determination of the main mineralogical groups composing the bulk sediment associated with physical parameters such as particle size distribution or aspect ratio allows a precise characterization of the load of the terrigenous particles in rivers or lakes. In the case of the Amazonian rivers investigated, the results show that the identified mineralogies are consistent with previous studies as well as between the different samples collected. The method enabled the evolution of grain size distribution from fine to coarse material to be described in the water column. Implications about hydrodynamic sorting of mineral particles in the water column are also briefly discussed. The proposed method appears well suited for intensive routine monitoring of suspended sediment in river systems.

Keywords

Mineralogy; Scanning Electron Microscopy; Suspended sediment; Machine learning; Particle size distribution

Mohd Yawar Ali Khan, Fuqiang Tian, Faisal Hasan, Govind Joseph Chakrapani,

Artificial neural network simulation for prediction of suspended sediment concentration in the River Ramganga, Ganges Basin, India,

Volume 34, Issue 2,

2019,

Pages 95-107

ISSN 1001-6279

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.09.001. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917303232)

Abstract

The relation between the water discharge (Q) and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) of the River Ramganga at Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, in the Himalayas, has been modeled using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The current study validates the practical capability and usefulness of this tool for simulating complex nonlinear, real world, river system processes in the Himalayan scenario. The modeling approach is based on the time series data collected from January to December (2008–2010) for Q and SSC. Three ANNs (T1-T3) with different network configurations have been developed and trained using the Levenberg Marquardt Back Propagation Algorithm in the Matlab routines. Networks were optimized using the enumeration technique, and, finally, the best network is used to predict the SSC values for the year 2011. The values thus obtained through the ANN model are compared with the observed values of SSC. The coefficient of determination (R2), for the optimal network was found to be 0.99. The study not only provides insight into ANN modeling in the Himalayan river scenario, but it also focuses on the importance of understanding a river basin and the factors that affect the SSC, before attempting to model it. Despite the temporal variations in the study area, it is possible to model and successfully predict the SSC values with very simplistic ANN models.

Keywords

ANN; Water discharge; Suspended sediment concentration prediction; Ramganga River; Himalayas

Yifan Huang, Jinsheng Wang, Mei Yang,

Unexpected sedimentation patterns upstream and downstream of the Three Gorges Reservoir: Future risks,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 2,

2019,

Pages 108-117,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.05.004. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917304171)

Abstract

This paper summarizes the latest developments, future prospects, and proposed countermeasures of reservoir sedimentation and channel scour downstream of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) on the Yangtze River in China. Three key results have been found. (1) The incoming sediment load to the TGR has been significantly lower than expected. (2) The accumulated volume of sediment deposition in the TGR is smaller than expected because the overall sediment delivery ratio is relatively low, and the deposition in the near-dam area of the TGR is still developing. (3) River bed scour in the river reaches downstream of the Gezhouba Dam is still occurring and channel scour has extended to reaches as far downstream as the Hukou reach. Significantly, sedimentation of the TGR is less problematic than expected since the start of operation of the TGR on the one hand; on the other hand, the possible increases in sediment risks from dependence on upstream sediment control, deposition in the reservoir, and scour along middle Yangtze River should be paid more attention. (1) Sediment trapped by dams built along the upper Yangtze River and billion tons of loose materials on unstable slopes produced by the Wenchuan Earthquake could be new sediment sources for the upper Yangtze River. More seriously, possible release of this sediment into the upper Yangtze River due to new earthquakes or extreme climate events could overwhelm the river system, and produce catastrophic consequences. (2) Increasing sediment deposition in the TGR is harmful to the safety and efficiency of project operation and navigation. (3) The drastic scour along the middle Yangtze River has intensified the down-cutting of the riverbed and erosion of revetment, it has already led to increasing risk to flood control structures and ecological safety. It is suggested to continue the Field Observation Program, to initiate research programs and to focus on risks of sedimentation.

Keywords

Yangtze River; Three Gorges Reservoir; Sedimentation; Risk

Dawei Guan, Yee-Meng Chiew, Maoxing Wei, Shih-Chun Hsieh,

Characterization of horseshoe vortex in a developing scour hole at a cylindrical bridge pier,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 2,

2019,

Pages 118-124

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.07.001.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917303815)

Abstract

Since local scour at bridge piers in rivers and estuaries is a major cause of bridge failure, estimation of the maximum local scour depth is of great importance to hydraulic and coastal engineers. Although numerous studies that focus on scour-depth prediction have been done and published, understanding of the flow and turbulence characteristics of the horseshoe vortex that drives the scour mechanism in a developing scour hole still is immature. This study aims to quantify the detailed turbulent flow field in a developing clear-water scour hole at a circular pier using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The distributions of velocity fields, turbulence intensities, and Reynolds shear stresses of the horseshoe vortex that form in front of the pier at different scour stages (t = 0, 0.5, 1, 12, 24, and 48?h) are presented in this paper. During scour development, the horseshoe vortex system was found to evolve from one initially small vortex to three vortices. The strength and size of the main vortex are found to increase with increasing scour depth. The regions of both the maximum turbulence intensity and Reynolds shear stress are found to form at a location upstream of the main vortex, where the large turbulent eddies have the highest possibility of occurrence. Results from this study not only provide new insight into the complex flow-sediment interaction at bridge piers, but also provide valuable experimental databases for advanced numerical simulations.

Keywords

Sediment transport; Scour; Bridge pier; PIV; Horseshoe vortex; Turbulence; Scour hole

Nibedita Bisoyi, Harish Gupta, Narayan Prasad Padhy, Govind Joseph Chakrapani,

Prediction of daily sediment discharge using a back propagation neural network training algorithm: A case study of the Narmada River, India,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 2,

2019,

Pages 125-135,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.10.010. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918300489)

Abstract

Most of the studies on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models remain restricted to smaller rivers and catchments. In this paper, an attempt has been made to correlate variability of sediment loads with rainfall and runoff through the application of the Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) algorithm for a large tropical river. The algorithm and simulation are done through MATLAB environment. The methodology comprised of a collection of data on rainfall, water discharge, and sediment discharge for the Narmada River at various locations (along with time variables) and application to develop a three-layer BPNN model for the prediction of sediment discharges. For training and validation purposes a set of 549 data points for the monsoon (16 June-15 November) period of three consecutive years (1996–1998) was used. For testing purposes, the BPNN model was further trained using a set of 732 data points of monsoon season of four years (2006–07 to 2009–10) at nine stations. The model was tested by predicting daily sediment load for the monsoon season of the year 2010–11. To evaluate the performance of the BPNN model, errors were calculated by comparing the actual and predicted loads. The validation and testing results obtained at all these locations are tabulated and discussed. Results obtained from the model application are robust and encouraging not only for the sub-basins but also for the entire basin. These results suggest that the proposed model is capable of predicting the daily sediment load even at downstream locations, which show nonlinearity in the transportation process. Overall, the proposed model with further training might be useful in the prediction of sediment discharges for large river basins.

Keywords

Artificial neural network; Back propagation; Sediment discharge; Prediction; Error; Narmada River

Hossein Afzalimehr, Mohammad Reza Maddahi, Danial Naziri, Jueyi Sui,

Effects of non-submerged boulder on flow characteristics – A field investigation,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 2,

2019,

Pages 136-143,

ISSN 100-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.10.007.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918302610)

Abstract

The effect of fully submerged boulders on the flow structure in channels has been studied by some researchers. However, many natural streams have bed material with boulders that are not fully submerged under water. In many natural streams, boulders cover between 1% and 10% of the area of the stream reach. The effect of non-submerged boulders on the velocity profile and flow characteristics is very important for assessing riverbed deformation. The objectives of this paper are to find the pattern of velocity distribution around a non-submerged boulder and to compare it with the classical studies on flow resistance and Reynolds stress distribution in open channels. Also, by considering the variation in the Reynolds stress distribution at different locations around a non-submerged boulder, the effect of a non-submerged boulder on the estimation of shear velocity and resistance to flow has been investigated. Results indicates that inside the scour hole caused by a non-submerged boulder in a river velocity distributions are irregular. However, velocity distributions are regular outside the scour hole. The presence of the boulder causes a considerable deviation of the Reynolds shear stress from the classic distribution, showing a non-specific distribution with negative values. The classical methods for calculating shear velocity are not suitable because these methods do not give detailed velocity and Reynolds stress distributions in natural rivers with a lot of boulders. Thus, the effect of a non-submerged boulder on the estimation of the resistance to flow by considering the variations in velocity and Reynolds stress distributions at different locations around a non-submerged boulder is important and needs to be studied in a natural river instead of just in laboratory flumes. The negative values in Reynolds stress distribution around a boulder indicate that the classical methods are unable to predict resistance to flow, and also show strong turbulence inside the scour hole where the complex flow conditions present ambiguous Reynolds stress distributions. In the current study, to obtain a reasonable estimation of parameters in natural rivers, the classical method has been modified by considering velocity and Reynolds stress distributions through the boundary layer method.

Keywords

Irregular velocity distribution; Logarithmic law; Non-submerged boulder; Negative Reynolds stress; Resistance to flow

Cheng He, David Nguyen,

Erodibility study of sediment in a fast-flowing river,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 2,

2019,

Pages 144-154

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.09.002. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917302469)

Abstract

Determination of sediment stability in the field is challenging because bed shear stress (BSS), a determining factor of sediment erosion, can’t easily be directly measured. To tackle this challenge and reliably assess sediment erodibility in a fast flowing river, a standalone underwater camera system and a new in-situ flume (ISF) were developed and applied in this study. The camera system was used to record sediment movement and the new ISF was used for measuring critical bottom shear stress (CBSS). The camera can be deployed alone in water to record videos or take pictures with light emitting diode (LED) lighting and flexible schedule settings. The ISF is based on the concept that the amount of force needed to erode the same particle under different flow conditions should be similar. Two high resolution Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) also were deployed in the field to collect velocity-depth profiles which are used by conventional methods to calculate BSS with the law of the wall. The sediment erodibility was then assessed based on the comparison between the obtained CBSS and BSS and then further verified with the recorded observations from the deployed camera. The results reveal that the widely used conventional method can produce large uncertainties and is not adequate to provide meaningful conclusion under these conditions.

Keywords

Sediment erodibility; Bed shear stress; Critical bed shear stress; Underwater camera

Bandita Barman, Bimlesh Kumar, Arup Kumar Sarma

Dynamic characterization of the migration of a mining pit in an alluvial channel,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 2,

2019,

Pages 155-165,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.10.009. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918300507)

Abstract

Research on in-channel sand mining is imperative as it may have a significant impact on channel morphology. Following this quest to quantitatively comprehend the phenomenon, experimental studies were done to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the migration of a mining pit. The evaluation of the migration rate of a mining pit in a physical scale model has found a rise in the migration rate of the pit?s upstream edge with increasing discharge. A wavelet analysis applied for analyzing scale-dependent migration of the bed profile of a mining pit also revealed similar findings. Additionally, the wavelet analysis examined the length-scale dependent migration of a mining pit and a decrease in the migration rate has been observed with an increase in the length scale. The plan form of a pit (length-to-width ratio) governs the erosion and deposition processes around the pit. Both physical and statistical approaches show an increase in the migration rate with an increase in the length-to-width ratio of the pit. An empirical formulation has been developed for calculating the migration rate of the upstream edge of a mining pit based on pit geometry (length-to-width ratio), average flow velocity, and critical shear stress of the bed material. The results also show a higher bed load transport rate in the channel subjected to mining as compared to a plain bed channel.

Keywords

Sand mining; Migration; Wavelet analysis; Bed load transport

Selen Deviren Saygin, Gunay Erpul,

Modeling aggregate size distribution of eroded sediment resulting from rain-splash and raindrop impacted flow processes,

International Journal of Sediment Ressearch,

Volume 34, Issue 2,

2019,

Pages 166-177,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.10.004.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917300318)

Abstract

Soil susceptibility to detachment and transport sub-processes of erosion is generally controled by the aggregate breakdown mechanism. Measuring particle size and aggregation to the estimate erodibility potential of soils is important under erosive rainfall conditions. The Aggregate Size Distribution (ASD) is one of the most important determinants of soil structure along with soil organic matter content for describing the efficiency of applied, sustainable management strategies. This study aimed to compare the performances of three different aggregate size distribution models to predict the characteristic aggregate size parameter (median diameter, D50) for eroded sediment from interrill erosion processes of Rain-Splash Transport (RST) and Raindrop Impacted Flow Transport (RIFT). The ASDs of 1143 collected sediment samples from the RST and RIFT processes were measured and modeled by the Log-normal, Fractal, and Weibull approaches. The D50 value, as a characteristic parameter for aggregate size distributions, derived from the cumulative ASD curve was compared for soils from different land use types and different slope and rainfall intensity conditions. The performance of each model was evaluated using the Mean Square Error (MSE) and Coefficient of Determination (R2). The Weibull approach was the most accurate model showing the best fit with the lowest MSE values (0.0002 ≤ MSE ≤ 0.0048) and having the greatest R2 values (0.936 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.998) when compared with the Log-normal and Fractal models. Herewith, for semi-arid land use and soil, specific shape and scale parameters for the Weibull distribution, the respective ASDs were successfully re-generated for modeling the eroded sediment of the simulated RST and RIFT interill processes.

Keywords

Aggregate size distribution; Eroded sediment; Log-normal model; Fractal model; Weibull model

Alexis Castillo, Jorge Valdés, Abdel Sifeddine, Sue-Ellen Vega, JavierDíaz-Ochoa, Yery Marambio,

Evaluation of redox-sensitive metals in marine surface sediments influenced by the oxygen minimum zone of the Humboldt Current System, Northern Chile,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 2,

2019,

Pages 178-190

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.08.005. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918300647)

Abstract

Upwelling coastal systems can be used to understand how dissolved oxygen and biological productivity control the accumulation of redox-sensitive metals in marine sediments. The aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total sulfur (TS) contents in surficial sediment collected from different water depths (30, 70, and 120?m) in three northern Chilean bays influenced by coastal upwelling and oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) were measured. Principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, and Spearman?s rank correlation were used to identify the mechanisms responsible for the redox-sensitive metal accumulation. The content of redox-sensitive metals and organic components in sediment increased with increasing water column depth, whereas lithogenic metals decreased. In the Mejillones del Sur and Caldera bays, the enrichment factors of the redox-sensitive metals showed enrichment for all metals with depth. The Cd and V enrichments are mainly the product of biogenic flow to the seabed, and the Mo and Ni enrichments are due to preservation under low subsurface oxygen conditions. Sulfate reduction is not an important mechanism in the accumulation of redox-sensitive metals in the sediment of the three bays. The PCA showed that the behaviors of the redox-sensitive metals and organic components reflect differences in the effects of the OMZ in sediment along the coast of northern Chile, with a more intense OMZ in Mejillones del Sur bay and weaker OMZs in Caldera and Inglesa bays. However, the high degree of enrichment in redox-sensitive metals in Caldera Bay can be attributed to the intense activity of the mining industry near the bay, a situation that produces geochemical behavior similar to that observed in Mejillones del Sur Bay.

Keywords

Redox sensitive-metals; Atacama Desert; Enrichment factor; Mejillones del Sur Bay; Caldera Bay system; PCA

 

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