International Journal of Sediment Research
Volume 33 Issue 4
1.Water
balance prediction in stormwater infiltration basins using 2-D modeling: An
application to evaluate the clogging process
Patrice Cannavo, Ana?s Coulon, Sylvain Charpentier, Béatrice
Béchet, Laure Vidal-Beaudet
2.The quantity
of sand fraction sediment in reservoirs as the basis of an assessment of the
bedload transport from a reservoir catchment
Szczepan Ludwik D?bkowski, ?ukasz B?k
3.Experimental
study on blocking and self-cleaning behaviors of beam dam in debris flow hazard
mitigation
Hao Sun, Yong You, Jinfeng Liu
4.Sediment
geochemistry of the urban Lake Paulo Gorski
Authors: Marcelo Bevilacqua Remor, Silvio César Sampaio, Sacha de
Rijk, Marcio Ant?nio Vilas Boas, Jackeline Tatiane Gotardo, Everton Tiago
Pinto, Fábio Augusto Schardong
5.Linear and
non-linear approaches to predict the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor of overland
flow using the extreme learning machine approach
Kiyoumars Roushangar, Saba Mirza Alipour, Dominique Mouaze
6.Time-averaged
sub-layer concentration profiles in oscillatory sheet flows
Authors: Yuhai Wang, Wenhong Cao, Wen Lu, Huifeng Liu, Gauhu Sun,
Chonghao Wang, FeiLiu
7.Issues in
Eulerian–Lagrangian modeling of sediment transport under saltation regime
Reza Barati, Seyed Ali Akbar Salehi Neyshabouri, Goodarz Ahmadi
8.A
depth-averaged two-phase model for debris flows over fixed beds
Authors: Ji Li, Zhixian Cao, Kaiheng Hu, Gareth Pender, Qingquan
Liu
9.Countermeasure
of river bend scour using a combination of submerged vanes and riprap
Piya Biswas, Abdul Karim Barbhuiya
10.Hydrometeorological
assessments and suspended sediment delivery from a central Himalayan glacier in
the upper Ganga basin
Amit Kumar, Akshaya Verma, Anupam Anand Gokhale, Rakesh Bhambri,
Anshuman Misra, Shipika Sundriyal, Dwarika Prasad Dobhal, Naval Kishore
11.A study on
zinc speciation of Tungabhadra River sediments, Kurnool, south India: A tool in
metal pollution monitoring
Madakka Mekapogu, Jayaraju Nadimikeri, Pramod Kumar Madri,
Sowjanya Devi
12.Optimizing
the dataset size of a topo-bathymetric survey for Hammam Debagh Dam, Algeria
Djamel Bengora, Lotfi Khiari, Jacques Gallichand, Noureddine
Dechemi, Silvio José Gumiere
1.Water
balance prediction in stormwater infiltration basins using 2-D modeling: An
application to evaluate the clogging process
Authors: Patrice Cannavo, Ana?s Coulon, Sylvain Charpentier,
Béatrice Béchet, Laure Vidal-Beaudet
Abstract
Sustainable urban drainage systems are built along roads and in urban
areas to collect urban runoff and avoid flooding, and to filter water pollutants. Sediment collected by runoff is deposited in
the stormwater basin and progressively reduces water
infiltration efficiency, leading to the clogging of the basin. To help
stormwater basin managers and stakeholders better understand and predict
clogging rates in order to elaborate maintenance plans and schedules, water
transport prediction models are necessary. However, because of the
heterogeneous sediment hydrodynamic properties inside the stormwater basin, a
two-dimensional (2-D) water flow model is required to predict water levels and
possible overflow as accurately as possible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and
sediment water retentioncurves were measured in the overall sediment
layer of the stormwater basin, in addition to sediment layer thickness and
organic matter content (11 sampling points). Sediment depth was used to predict
organic matter (OM) content, and the OM was used to predict Ks. Water
height in the basin was modeled with the HYDRUS-2D model by taking into account
the sediment hydrodynamic properties distribution. The HYDRUS-2D model
gave a satisfactory representation of the measured data. Scenarios of the hydraulic properties of stormwater basin
sediment were tested over time, and hydraulic resistance, R, was
calculated to assess the stormwater basin performance. Presently, after 20
years of functioning, the stormwater basin still ensures efficient water
infiltration, but the first outflow (Hydraulic resistance, R >
24?h)) is expected to appear in the next 5 years, and clogging (R >
47?h) in the next 13 years. This 2-D water balance model makes it possible to integrate the
hydrodynamic heterogeneity of a stormwater basin. It gives interesting
perspectives to better predict 2-D/3-D contaminant transport.
Keywords
2-D water transport
Hydraulic conductivity
Sediment water retention
Stormwater basin efficiency
2.The quantity
of sand fraction sediment in reservoirs as the basis of an assessment of the
bedload transport from a reservoir catchment
Authors: Szczepan Ludwik D?bkowski, ?ukasz B?k
Abstract
A knowledge of the quantity of the sand fraction in the sediments
deposited in reservoirs makes it easier to determine the bedload transport,
which is a rarely measured parameter. The current study discusses the results
of investigations into the siltation and physical properties of sediment in two
small reservoirs located in the southeastern part of Poland. Also, the quantity
of the bedload sand fraction was estimated. The estimation of the reservoir
capacity loss after t years of operation was based on hydroacoustic measurements. The sediment
density, organic matter content, and granulometric composition were evaluated
by means of investigations and analyses of bottom sediment core samples. The interpolation of the
parameters describing the sediment properties was done using the Kriging method.
The analyses indicate that 10.80 thousand m3 of sediment were deposited
into the Zalew Kielecki Reservoir in the years 2004–2015. Their overall mass
was 7320?t, of which sand fraction sediments constituted 39.7%. Between the
years 2004 and 2014, the Umer Reservoir retained 11.79 thousand m3 of
sediment having a mass of 7200?t, of which sand fraction constituted 34.6%.
Keywords
Reservoir
Sedimentation
Bottom sediment properties
Bedload transport
Bathymetry
3.Experimental
study on blocking and self-cleaning behaviors of beam dam in debris flow hazard
mitigation
Authors: Hao Sun, Yong You, Jinfeng Liu
Abstract
Blocking is one of the important features when a beam dam
intercepts debris flow, while self-cleaning is another when managing
suspended debris flow. Both features determine the debris flow control benefits
of beam dam but the latter often is not considered in practical engineering
design. In this paper, a series of specially designed flume experiments were done to simulate blocking and
self-cleaning processes. The blocking ratio and deposition features were
measured to contrast the blocking and self-cleaning performance before and
after artificial self-cleaning. The experimental results reveal that the beam
dam net opening, particle diameter of sediment, sediment concentration, and
gradient of the channel are the main factors affecting
blocking performance. A new criterion of blocking performance of beam dams that
considers the interaction of multiple factors and can provide guidance to
practical project design is proposed. For all three types of blocking, sediment
deposited upstream of a beam dam can be effectively transported downstream by
erosion from post-debris-flow floods, Self-cleaning performance is most
efficient for temporary blocking, followed by partial-blocking, and
total-blocking. The efficiency of self-cleaning largely depends on the change
of the sediment deposit due to erosion. Finally, a discussion is given for the
optimal design of an open-type check dam and the feasibility of synergistic effects
of self-cleaning in combination with artificial cleaning. Some supporting
artificial silt-cleaning should be implemented in practice. A beam dam will,
thus, have more storage capacity with which to control the next debris flow
event.
Keywords
Debris flow
Beam dam
Critical blocking criterion
Self-cleaning
Flume experiment
4.Sediment
geochemistry of the urban Lake Paulo Gorski
Authors: Marcelo Bevilacqua Remor, Silvio César Sampaio, Sacha de
Rijk, Marcio Ant?nio Vilas Boas, Jackeline Tatiane Gotardo, Everton Tiago
Pinto, Fábio Augusto Schardong
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentration and
distribution of heavy metals in the sediments of Paulo Gorski Lake, as well as
the metals’ bioavailability and potential ecological risk, and to
define the anthropogenic and natural heavy metal contributions to the lake. The
chemical elements calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co),
chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb),
and zinc (Zn)
were quantified by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry with two extraction methods to quantify
the bioavailable and non-bioavailable fractions. The data were evaluated using
multivariate statistics and sediment quality indices. All sediment collection
points (S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5) are different in terms of the concentration of
heavy metals, except for S4 and S5, which were statistically equal. The bioavailable
fraction of the elements in the sediment follows the sequence
Pb>Cu>Mn>Zn>Ni>Cr>phosphorus (P) for all points. The elements
Co, Cr, Pb, and Zn showed moderate to considerable contamination at all points.
Only points S3 and S5 had moderate ecological risk. Urbanization has been affecting Paulo Gorski Lake via the
input of chemical elements, especially Co and Pb. The points most affected by
heavy metal contamination are S3 and S5 when the sedimentological sensitivity
factor is considered. The lake has high hydrodynamics, causing some of the contaminants that enter the
system to leave it, leading to potential negative impacts downstream.
Keywords
Bioavailability
Heavy metals
Paulo Gorski Lake
Sediment
Trace elements
5.Linear and
non-linear approaches to predict the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor of overland
flow using the extreme learning machine approach
Authors: Kiyoumars Roushangar, Saba Mirza Alipour, Dominique
Mouaze
Abstract
In modeling of overland flow and erosion, the overland flow friction factor (f), is a crucial factor. Due to the
importance of a good understanding of f and its variability, the
current study aimed to investigate the capability of non-linear approaches to
estimate the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor of overland flow and its components
(sediment transport, wave, form, and grain friction factors) through the
Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) approach. Four datasets were used
herein which were obtained from flume experiments done by different researchers. In order
to investigate the effects of different parameters on the friction factor,
numerous models consisting of various parameters were utilized to predict the
friction factor using the ELM approach. The modeling procedure was established
in two stages; the first stage aimed to model the overland flow friction factor
and investigate the effect of the different parameters on the friction factor
using non-linear separation via the ELM approach. In the second stage, the
friction factor was linearly separated into different types of friction factors
and then the separate components were estimated. Sensitivity analysis results confirmed
the key role of Froude number (Fr) values for most of the models. On the
other hand, the results obtained for estimated values of the friction factor
were acceptable and outperformed available empirical approaches.
Keywords
Overland flow
Extreme Learning Machine (ELM)
Friction factor
Sediment transport friction factor
Wave friction factor
Grain friction factor
Form friction factor
6.Time-averaged
sub-layer concentration profiles in oscillatory sheet flows
Authors: Yuhai Wang, Wenhong Cao, Wen Lu, Huifeng Liu, Gauhu Sun,
Chonghao Wang, FeiLiu
Abstract
Although thin on the order of several to tens of
millimeters, sheet flows normally comprise a lower pick-up sub-layer
and an upper contact-load sub-layer, separated at the bed level (z = 0).
The time-averaged concentration profile in the pick-up sub-layer shows a
‘convex upward’ curvature, but ‘concave upward’ shape characterizes the
time-averaged concentration profile in the contact-load sub-layer. The
time-dependent concentration in the contact-load sub-layer is approximately
in-phase with the free stream flow velocity, whereas it is nearly in
anti-phase with the free stream flow velocity in the pick-up sub-layer. Two
distinct analytical expressions of the time-averaged concentration profiles for
the respective sub-layers are proposed. The expressions are validated with
detailed observation datasets collected in the Groβer Wellenkanal (GWK)
prototype wave flume in Hannover, Germany. The agreement between the predicted
and the measured values is excellent. Interparticle collisions in the pick-up
sub-layer and convective lifting processes associated with vortex shedding in the contact-load sub-layer are
considered responsible for the opposite curvatures and in-phase/anti-phase
concentration variations. Both transitional boundary and reference
concentration are also elaborated.
Keywords
Sheet flow
Sub-layer
Time-averaged concentration profile
Suspension mechanism
7.Issues in
Eulerian–Lagrangian modeling of sediment transport under saltation regime
Authors: Reza Barati, Seyed Ali Akbar Salehi Neyshabouri, Goodarz
Ahmadi
Abstract
The saltation regime is very important for understanding the sediment transport mechanism.
However, there is no consensus on a model for the saltation regime. This study
answers several questions raised with respect to the Eulerian–Lagrangian
modeling of sediment transport. The first question is why the previous
saltation models that use different combinations of hydrodynamic forces yielded acceptable results? The
second question is which shear lift model (i.e. a shear lift expression and its
coefficient) is more appropriate? Another important question is which hydrodynamic forces have greater
contributions to the saltation characteristics of a sediment particle? The last
question is what are the contributions of the turbulence fluctuations as well
as effects of using two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) models on the
simulation results? In order to fairly answer these questions, a systematic
study was done by considering different scenarios. The current study is the
first attempt to clearly discuss these issues. A comprehensive 3D saltation
model for non-cohesive sediment was developed that includes all the
hydrodynamic forces acting on the particle. The random nature of sediment transport
was included using turbulent flow and bed-particle collision models.
The eddy interaction
model was applied to generate a 3D turbulent flow field. Bed-particle collisions were considered using the
concept of a contact zone and a corresponding contact point. The
validation of the model was done using the available experimental data for a
wide range of sediment size (0.03 to 4.8 cm). For the first question, the
results indicated that some of the hydrodynamic effects show opposing trends
and some have negligible effects. With these opposing effects it is possible to
adjust the coefficients of different models to achieve acceptable agreement
with the same experimental data while omitting some aspects of the physics of
the process. A suitable model for the shear lift force was developed by linking
the lift coefficient to the drag coefficient and the contributions of the
hydrodynamic forces and turbulence fluctuations as well as the consequences of
using of 2D and 3D models were studied. The results indicate that the shear
lift force and turbulent flow fluctuations are important factors for the
saltation of both sand and gravel, and they cannot be ignored.
Keywords
Two-phase model
Turbulent flow
Sediment transport
Saltation
Hydrodynamic forces
8.A
depth-averaged two-phase model for debris flows over fixed beds
Authors: Ji Li, Zhixian Cao, Kaiheng Hu, Gareth Pender, Qingquan
Liu
Abstract
A depth-averaged two-phase model is proposed for debris flows over fixed beds, explicitly incorporating
interphase and particle-particle interactions, fluid and
solid fluctuations and multi grain sizes. A first-order model based on the kinetic theory of granular flows is employed to determine
the stresses due to solid fluctuations, while the turbulent kinetic energy - dissipation rate model is used to
determine the stresses from fluid fluctuations. A well-balanced numerical
algorithm is applied to solve the governing equations. The present model is
benchmarked against USGS experimental debris flows over fixed beds.
Incorporating the stresses due to fluid and solid fluctuations and properly
estimating the bed shear stresses are shown to be crucial for reproducing
the debris flows. Longitudinal particle segregation is resolved, demonstrating
coarser sediments around the fronts and finer grains trailing the head. Based
on extended modeling exercises, debris flow efficiency is shown to increase
with initial volume, which is underpinned by observed datasets.
Keywords
Debris flow
Two-phase model
Depth-averaged model
Fluctuation kinetic energy
Multi grain sizes
9.Countermeasure
of river bend scour using a combination of submerged vanes and riprap
Authors: Piya Biswas, Abdul Karim Barbhuiya
Abstract
A series of laboratory flume experiments were done in a large-scale 180° bend
with non- cohesive sediment to find optimal or effective protection
works at a bend. Detailed study of the scour and flow field dynamics with and without protection works was
done. Spatially dense, high frequency velocity data were collected and analyzed
to describe the pattern and magnitude of three-dimensional (3D) velocity
throughout the bend. Characterizing the role of flow field dynamics on the
pattern of deposition and erosion through experimental measurements provided
valuable data about how such flow features contribute to scour and about the
performance of the protection works. From the experimental results, it is
revealed that for a perennial river it is not possible to protect from scour
either with riprap or
with submerged vanes alone. Protection from scour at a bend can be achieved
with proper combination of these two works. First, submerged vanes can protect
the toe, and, second, riprap can protect the upper part of the slope if it is
not damaged through toe erosion. The experiments convincingly demonstrate the
efficiency of this bank protection technique.
Keywords
River bend erosion
Three-dimensional flow
Vanes
Riprap
Open channel
Sedimentation
10.Hydrometeorological
assessments and suspended sediment delivery from a central Himalayan glacier in
the upper Ganga basin
Authors: Amit Kumar, Akshaya Verma, Anupam Anand Gokhale, Rakesh
Bhambri, Anshuman Misra, Shipika Sundriyal, Dwarika Prasad Dobhal, Naval
Kishore
Abstract
Integrated hydrometeorological investigations are not frequently
available at a regional scale over a longer time period, especially near the
terminus of Indian Himalayan glaciers. An integrated approach to the collection
of hydrological data has major advantages for understanding the runoff
generation mechanisms at basin scale, particularly when coupled with
meteorological observations. The current study involves time series analysis of
hydrometeorological records collected near the terminus of the Chorabari
Glacier, for four consecutive ablation seasons (June–Sept.) 2009–2012. The analysis
shows that variation in rainfall was higher (cv = 0.9) at the same
elevation over proximal sites, while the intensity of extreme rainfall events
was 121–160?mm/d. The diurnal temperature range (DTR) has a tendency to reduce
over the ablation season because of the onset of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM)
and then further increases during the ISM withdrawal indicating humid-temperate
conditions. The peak discharge (Qpeak) was found to be higher during July
and August. Snow and glacier melt contributed 76% of the total suspended sediment transportduring
peak ISM months (July and August) reflecting seasonal evolution of the hydrologic
conduits. The results indicate that Karakoram and western Himalayan glaciers
produce comparatively low sediment yield compared to central Himalayan glaciers.
The hydrological variations are depicted through flow duration curves (FDC)
for meltwater discharge and sediment load. The flow
corresponding to Q50, Q75, and Q90 (where Qx is the discharge that is
exceeded x percent of the time referred to as % dependability) are 4.2, 3.7,
and 2.8?m3/s; and the corresponding dependability for suspended sediment loads (SSLs) are
409.0, 266.0, and 157.2?t/d, respectively. The daily SSL and discharge (Q) from
2009 to 2012 were used to develop a sediment rating curve (SSL = 39.55 × Q1.588, R2 = 0.8). Multiple regressions are used to
determine the impacts of meteorological parameters on glacier
melt. The meteorological conditions, hydrological characteristics, and
suspended sediment delivery for the Chorabari Glacier provide insight on
meltwater generation processes and sediment transport patterns during the ISM
season.
Keywords
High elevation meteorology
Suspended sediment transport
Flow duration curves
Multivariate regression
Indian summer monsoon
11.A study on
zinc speciation of Tungabhadra River sediments, Kurnool, south India: A tool in
metal pollution monitoring
Authors: Madakka Mekapogu, Jayaraju Nadimikeri, Pramod Kumar
Madri, Sowjanya Devi
Abstract
The Tungabhadra River is one of the sacred rivers in south India.
Industrial and mining operations on its banks generate enormous amounts
of effluent that have led to substantial metal and nutrient
contamination of the aquatic system. In the present investigation an attempt
has been made to assess variation in the physico-chemical characteristics and
speciation of zinc in
the water and sediment of the Tungabhadra River. Most of the metal ionsin the collected samples were in high concentrations
compared to the applicable standards. The Individual Contamination Factor (ICF)
of Zn was found to be more at Site-B compared to sites A and C. Zinc-bearing
particles were characterized by the different morphologies measuring from large
colloidal to small particles which were associated with biological structures
or may be present in amorphous nature which were observed by Transition electron microscopy (TEM) with X-EDS
(Energy dispersive spectrometry). In conclusion, the level of Zn contamination
in the Tungabhadra River is increasing at an alarming rate due to industrial activities.
Keywords
Physico-chemical parameters
Speciation of Zn
TEM-X-EDS
Tungabhadra River
Individual contamination factor
12.Optimizing
the dataset size of a topo-bathymetric survey for Hammam Debagh Dam, Algeria
Authors:Djamel Bengora, Lotfi Khiari, Jacques Gallichand,
Noureddine Dechemi, Silvio José Gumiere
Abstract
The capacity of water reservoirs may be considerably reduced by sediment transport and
accumulation. This phenomenon may occur quickly in regions prone to erosion,
such as Hammam Debagh Dam region in Algeria. For better management of water resources, it is important to estimate the volume of a
reservoir by regular and frequent topo-bathymetric surveys. Topo-bathymetric
surveys with a high point measurement density are expensive and
time-consuming. To reduce this expense and to increase the frequency of
topo-bathymetric surveys, it is required to optimize their size and density.
The complete survey of the reservoir created by the Hammam Debagh Dam in
Algeria was examined in comparison with 19 reduction subsets using geostatistics. The study showed that the complete dataset of
32,164 points, corresponding to a density of 42 points ha-1 could be
reduced to 10,000 points, i.e. 13 points ha-1, without affecting the estimation
of the water volume in the reservoir. This reduction could considerably
simplify the work load, reduce the expenses to do these surveys, and,
therefore, allow for an increased frequency of topo-bathymetric surveys.
Keywords
Dam
Reservoir
Silting
Volume estimation
Point measurement density
Volume/elevation curve
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