Papers Published in the International Journal of Sediment Research Vol.37 No.6 2022

Papers Published in the International Journal of Sediment Research

Volume 37, No.6, 2022

Pages 701-870 (December 2022)

1. Entrainment of E.coli and Listeria monocytogenes from sediment in irrigation canal
Kun Qi, Erfan Ghasemi Tousi, Jennifer Guohong Duan, Patricia Marie Gundy, Kelly Rae Bright, Charles Peter Gerba

2. Coupled modeling of rainfall-induced floods and sediment transport at the catchment scale
Ronglan Huang, Yufang Ni, Zhixian Cao

4. Flow fields around tandem and staggered piers on a mobile bed
Laxmi Narayana Pasupuleti, Prafulkumar Vasharambhai Timbadiya, Prem Lal Patel

6. Real-time probabilistic sediment concentration forecasting using integrated dynamic network and error distribution heterogeneity
Fangzheng Zhao, Xinyu Wan, Xiaolin Wang, Qingyang Wu, Yan Wu

9. Water and sediment geochemistry of an urban lake: Implications to weathering and anthropogenic activity
Mohammad Saleem, Ghulam Jeelani, Ishfaq Ahmad Pall, Javid Ganai, Sanjeev Kumar

10. Improved lakeshore sediment microenvironment and enhanced denitrification efficiency by natural solid carbon sources
Shihao Gong, Oscar Omondi Donde, Qijia Cai, Xingqiang Wu, Kezheng Song, Chunbo Wang, Pei Hong, Bangding Xiao, Cuicui Tian

11. Assessing sediment transport dynamics from energy perspective by using the instrumented particle
Zaid Alhusban, Manousos Valyrakis

12. Characterizing incipient motion of low fines content soils with varying compositions, water contents, and relative densities
Mahsa Ghazian Arabi, Ali Farhadzadeh

13. Morphologic evolution of bifurcated reaches in a macrotidal estuary with mountain streams
Jing Liu, Yongjun Lu, Liqin Zuo, Huaixiang Liu, Qun Xu, Qingzhi Hou

1. Entrainment of E.coli and Listeria monocytogenes from sediment in irrigation canal
Kun Qi, Erfan Ghasemi Tousi, Jennifer Guohong Duan, Patricia Marie Gundy, Kelly Rae Bright, Charles Peter Gerba
Pages 701-714 Purchase PDF
Abstract: E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes (or L. monocytogenes) are bacteria affecting fresh produce that is harmful for health of humans and animals. If these bacteria are present in surface waterbody (e.g., irrigation canals), they will impair irrigation water quality and threaten produce safety. This paper studied the resuspension of E. coli and Listeria from bed sediment into irrigation water through several sets of laboratory experiments in an open channel flume. We studied three types of sediments using several flow rates in different velocities and shear stress. Bacteria's concentration in water increases with the bed shear stress. Two empirical relations were derived to correlate the concentration of E. coli and L. monocytogenes with the dimensionless bed shear stress. The experimental data favorably verified the relationships for sandy loam, loamy sand, and loam. The results showed that both bacteria could entrain from sand more efficiently compared to other sediments (i.e., sandy loam or loam). These relationships can be applied to water quality models for simulating E. coli and L. monocytogenes transport in irrigation canals for better managing irrigation water quality.

Keywords: BacteriaE. Coli; L. monocytogenes; Sediment transport; Irrigation water; Sediment model

2. Coupled modeling of rainfall-induced floods and sediment transport at the catchment scale
Ronglan Huang, Yufang Ni, Zhixian Cao
Pages 715-728 Purchase PDF
Abstract: Rainfall-induced floods may trigger intense sediment transport on erodible catchments, especially on the Loess Plateau in China, which in turn modifies the floods. However, the role of sediment transport in modifying floods has to date remained poorly understood. Concurrently, traditional hydrodynamic models for rainfall-induced floods typically ignore sediment transport, which may lead to inaccurate results for highly erodible catchments. Here, a two-dimensional (2D) coupled shallow water hydro-sediment-morphodynamic (SHSM) model, based on the Finite Volume Method on unstructured meshes and parallel computing, is proposed and applied to simulate rainfall-induced floods in the Zhidan catchment on the Loess Plateau, Shaanxi Province, China. For six historical floods of return periods up to 2 years, the numerical results compare well with observations of discharge hydrographs at the catchment outlet. The computed runoff-sediment yield relation is quantitatively reasonable as compared with other catchments under similar geographical conditions. It is revealed that neglecting sediment transport leads to underestimation of peak discharge of the flood by 14%–45%, whilst its effect on the timing of the peak discharge varies for different flood events. For 18 design floods with return periods of 10–500 years, sediment transport may lead to higher peak discharge by around 9%–15%. The temporal pattern of concentrated rainfall in a short period may lead to a larger exponent value of the power function for the runoff-sediment yield relation. The current finding leads us to propose that incorporating sediment transport in rainfall-induced flood modeling is warranted. The SHSM model is applicable to flood and sediment modeling at the catchment scale in support of risk management and water and soil management.

Keywords: Catchment; Floods; Hydro-sediment-morphodynamic modeling; Sediment transport; Soil erosion

3. Comparison of the graphic and moment methods for analyzing grain-size distributions: A case study for the Chinese inner continental shelf seas
Gaocong Li, Rihong Du, Jieping Tang, Zhiqiang Li, Qiong Xia, Benwei Shi, Liang Zhou, Yang Yang, Wenxiang Zhang
Pages 729-736 Purchase PDF
Abstract: Sediment grain-size distributions provide key information on sediment sources, transport, and deposition. The Folk and Ward graphic method and the Friedman moment method are generally used for rapid analysis of the qualitative and quantitative properties of sediment samples; whether the two methods yield the same results for any given sediment sample is not yet known. Little research attention has been paid to comparison of the descriptive terms used in both methods, although some work has been done on comparison of the numerical values. In the current study, sediment samples from six areas of the Chinese inner continental seas were investigated. The mean and sorting values obtained using the two methods are well correlated (0.821 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.998), but the skewness and kurtosis vary among study areas (0.035 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.816), which is consistent with previous studies where R2 is the coefficient of determination. The two methods yield significant differences for skewness (84.78%–98.04% of samples) and kurtosis (40.59%–67.29% of samples). The main reasons for these differences are variations in the grain-size distribution curves of the sediment samples and differences in the weighting applied to specified cumulative percentile values by the two methods. These results demonstrate that the differences between the two methods should be taken into account when analyzing sedimentary environments and studying historical data.

Keywords: Grain-size parameters; Graphic method for grain size distribution; Moment method for grain size distribution; Grain-size descriptive terms; China seas

4. Flow fields around tandem and staggered piers on a mobile bed
Laxmi Narayana Pasupuleti, Prafulkumar Vasharambhai Timbadiya, Prem Lal Patel
Pages 737-753 Purchase PDF
Abstract: An experimental investigation on flow fields within the scour holes upstream and downstream of circular piers positioned in tandem and staggered arrangements is reported and compared with isolated piers on mobile beds with uniform sediment. The instantaneous bed elevations and instantaneous three dimensional (3D) velocities were measured using a 5 MHz Ultrasonic Ranging system and 16 MHz micro down looking acoustic Doppler velocimeter, respectively. The velocity and flow depth were measured at different locations under near equilibrium bed scour conditions. The measured 3D velocities were processed for the computation of flow parameters, such as velocity fields, streamline patterns, vorticity fields, and circulation. Furthermore, turbulence intensities, turbulent kinetic energy, Reynolds shear stresses, and bed shear stresses around the piers for all three pier configurations were computed from the detrended velocity signals to identify significant differences in the flow parameters and turbulence in the tandem and staggered pier arrangements as compared to those for an isolated pier. A recirculation zone was found near the bed in front of the rear pier in the tandem case from the streamline patterns. The vortices in the bi-vortex system were observed to be opposite to each other in the gap between the three piers in the staggered case. A strong secondary vortex also was observed apart from the primary vortex at the foot of the pier (θ = 0°) in all the three configurations. The strength of the horseshoe vortex (combination of primary and secondary vortices) was found to be higher at the front piers of the staggered arrangement as compared to those of the tandem piers, followed by the isolated pier. The bed shear stresses were found to be higher for the staggered piers than for the tandem piers in the direction of flow (θ = 0°). However, a 50% reduction in the bed shear stresses was observed behind the tandem piers at θ = 180°. The study reported in this paper provides the foundation for further investigation of countermeasures against local scour around tandem and staggered bridge piers on a mobile bed with non-uniform sediment.

Keywords: Staggered piers; Tandem piers; Scour hole; Vorticity; Circulation; Bed level variation

5. Multivariate statistical methods and GIS based evaluation of the health risk potential and water quality due to arsenic pollution in the K?z?l?rmak River
Hüseyin Cüce, Erkan Kal?pc?, Fikret Ustao?lu, ?lknur Kaynar, Volkan Baser, Mustafa Türkmen
Pages 754-765 Purchase PDF
Abstract: The K?z?l?rmak River is Turkey's longest (1,355 km) river and it is important since it constitutes the drinking and irrigation water source of the Central Anatolia Region. In the current study, the spatial distribution, effect on irrigation water quality, environmental pollution status, ecotoxicological and health risks as well as possible sources of 12 potential toxic elements' (PTEs) (manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)) concentrations from surface water samples in the K?z?l?rmak River were analyzed by using geographical information systems (GIS) software, ecotoxicological indices, and multivariate statistical analysis. As a result of the current study, it was determined that the As concentration is above the World Health Organization (WHO) limit values, and, in terms of the 12 PTEs, there is slight heavy metal contamination in the river according to the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) and Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) values and there is a low level of pollution. The Hazard Quotient for ingestion (HQingestion) and Hazard Index (HI) values indicate that non-carcinogenic effects may occur. Exposure to river water is likely to result in a low level of carcinogenic risk (CR) in adults, mainly due to the As concentration. The water at Sampling Station S3 (131.79) cannot be used for drinking and is not suitable for consumption. According to the sodium percentage (Na%), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), and Magnesium Hazard (MH) index results, river water is suitable for agricultural use.

Keywords: K?z?l?rmak; Water quality indexes; Public health; Arsenic pollution; Multivariate statistical methods

6. Real-time probabilistic sediment concentration forecasting using integrated dynamic network and error distribution heterogeneity
Fangzheng Zhao, Xinyu Wan, Xiaolin Wang, Qingyang Wu, Yan Wu
Pages 766-779 Purchase PDF
Abstract: Sediment forecasting at a dam site is important for the operation and management of water and sediment in a reservoir. However, the forecast results generally have some uncertainties, which may hinder the operation of the dam. In this study, a real-time sediment concentration probabilistic forecasting model is proposed based on a dynamic network model. Under this framework, the Elman neural network (ENN) and nonlinear auto-regressive with exogenous inputs (NARX) neural network models were established for sediment concentration forecasting with different lead times. A hybrid algorithm, which combined the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm and real-time recurrent learning, was used to train the model. Using the aforementioned method, the sediment concentration was forecast for at the Sanmenxia Dam, China, and, subsequently, the forecast results were evaluated. Among the selected lead time, the results at 5 h exhibited the highest accuracy and practical significance. Compared with the ENN model, the sediment concentration peak error using the NARX neural network was reduced by 4.5%, and the sediment yield error was reduced by 0.043%. Therefore, the NARX neural network was selected as the deterministic sediment forecasting model. Additionally, the probability density function of the sediment concentration was derived based on the heterogeneity of the error distribution, and the sediment concentration interval, with different confidence levels, expected values, and median values, was forecast. The Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency for the sediment concentration, as forecasted based on the median value, was the highest (0.04 higher than that using a deterministic model), whereas the error of the sediment concentration peak and sediment yield remained unaltered. These results indicated the accuracy and superiority of the proposed real-time sediment probabilistic forecasting hybrid model.

Keywords: Dynamic network; Hybrid learning algorithm; Error distribution heterogeneity; Probability density function; Sediment concentration forecasting; NARX neural network

7. Physical and chemical characterization of sediments from an Andean river exposed to mining and agricultural activities: The Moquegua River, Peru
Luis de Los Santos Valladares, Juan Luis Ccamapaza, Renato Arturo Valencia-Bedregal, Luis Enrique Borja-Castro, Jose Velazquez-Garcia, Dehiwalage Harshani Nimalika Perera, AdrianIonescu, David Arvidsson, Eustace Peregrine Barnes, Peter Newton, Hugo Lepage, Patrick Byrne, Angel Guillermo Bustamante Dominguez, Crispin H.W.Barnes
Pages 780-793 Purchase PDF
Abstract: This study presents an analysis of sediments in an Andean river impacted by both natural conditions and anthropogenic activities. Fifty samples were collected from selected sites throughout the Moquegua River drainage basin, and Tambo River headwaters at Pasto Grande, in Peru, and analysed with X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Si, Ca, Al, Fe, and O, common constituents of soils, were dominant, along with K, N, and P. The latter originating as primary macronutrients or chemical residuals from fertilizers used in agriculture. Higher concentrations of macronutrients and organic components were found in agricultural and urban areas, respectively. Arsenic minerals were also detected, which occur naturally, but possibly at levels augmented by anthropogenic activity. The application of cluster analysis revealed clustering between arsenic, arsenolite, and potassium but no significant geospatial correlation between sample sites in the drainage basin.

Keywords: Andean river; Moquegua river; Sediments; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; TG-DTG/DTA; Clustering analysis

8. Multi-scale analysis for transport of fine settling particles through an ice-covered channel in a laminar flow condition
Subham Dhar, Nanda Poddar, B.S. Mazumder, Kajal Kumar Mondal
Pages 794-808 Purchase PDF
Abstract: The current research deals with the dispersion of fine settling particles in a fluid flowing through an ice-covered channel under the laminar flow condition. An analytical solution of the two-dimensional convection–diffusion equation, based on the multi-scale homogenization technique, is obtained. To validate the current study, analytical results for the dispersion coefficient are compared with the available earlier research work. Moreover, the proposed analytical solutions for mean concentration distributions of the tracers are compared with the numerical results obtained from the finite difference technique. From the industrial and environmental points of view, the vertical concentration distribution provides a very significant information. The downstream evolution of the concentration distribution also is shown for typical time periods at different values of the settling velocity. The approach to the vertical uniformity shows that it is too slow a process in comparison to that of longitudinal normality. It was found that settling velocities of particles disturb the vertical uniformity and the centroid of the solute cloud rises due to the increase in settling velocity. Results illustrate that in the downstream direction, the vertical concentration distribution increases near the bed surface and it decreases in the proximity of the ice-covered surface of the channel with the increase of settling velocity, but the mean concentration of the solute increases. The current study may play an important role to understand the mechanism of the sedimentation process in a closed channel system.

Keywords: Sediment transport; Dispersion; Ice-covered channel; Vertical uniformity; Multi-scale analysis

9. Improved lakeshore sediment microenvironment and enhanced denitrification efficiency by natural solid carbon sources
Shihao Gong, Oscar Omondi Donde, Qijia Cai, Xingqiang Wu, Kezheng Song, Chunbo Wang, Pei Hong, Bangding Xiao, Cuicui Tian
Pages 823-832 Purchase PDF
Abstract: At present, the high level of nitrate in tailwater of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has continued to cause serious environmental problems. In current study, wood chips and bark, serving as natural solid carbon source (NSCS), were applied to enhance the denitrification capacity of lakeshore sediment to remove superabundant nitrate in tailwater. The results show that NSCS had a positive effect on denitrification process for lakeshore sediment and increased the total phosphorus removal capacity by 212%–601%. Comparatively, wood chips were better in enhancing denitrification ability of lakeshore sediment for a longer time. At the 70th day, the nitrate elimination (NEL) of the wood chip-sediment integrated system (WSIS) was 20% and 9% higher than the control system (CS) and bark-sediment integrated system (BSIS), respectively. For the WSIS, the microbial activity and the abundance of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) were significantly increased, and the sediment anaerobic zone was rapidly formed, which were conducive to the denitrification of the sediment. At the DNA level, both groups presented an inconsistency in the abundance of functional denitrification genes with the NEL. At the enzyme level, wood chips significantly increased the nitrate and nitrite reductase activities of the sediment, and promoted denitrification. From the perspective of microbial communities, wood chips highly promoted the abundance of norank_f_BIrii41 Proteobacteria and Ruminclostridum more than other denitrifying and potential denitrifying bacteria in the process of sediment denitrification enhancement.

Keywords: Natural solid carbon source; Sediment; Denitrification; Nitrate elimination

10. Assessing sediment transport dynamics from energy perspective by using the instrumented particle
Zaid Alhusban, Manousos Valyrakis
Pages 833-846 Purchase PDF
Abstract: Sediment transport has been extensively studied. There is still a need to learn more about the mechanisms that make bed particles move, which is caused by turbulent flow in the low transport stages (above the motion threshold and below continuous transport). This work is focused on the use of an advanced tool to obtain a better perception of sediment transport dynamical methods: an instrumented particle equipped with a micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) sensor. Particle transport experiments were carried out in a laboratory flume under a variety of well-controlled above-the-threshold-of-motion flow conditions. By using sensor data, the kinetic energies were calculated with different flow rates and particle densities (mimicking different types of sediments sizes) to generate the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of particle transport features, like the total kinetic energy of particles, which provided information about particle interaction with the bed surface during its motion. The energy transfer efficiency was also studied, which can link the rate of energy transferred from the flow to the particle transport, so it can determine how efficiently a flow can transfer energy to the particle and how it affects the magnitude of sediment transport. In general, the instrumented particle response by a series of experiments showed consistent and satisfactory results and demonstrated its capability to record inertial dynamics because of flow turbulence at low cost. These experiments used different particle sizes and densities than those found in real-world sediments because of sensor size and lab limitations. They do, however, provide a framework and trends that others can use to do more research into bed load transport rates in built canals and natural rivers.

Keywords: River engineering; Sediment transport; Micro-electromechanically sensors (MEMS); Kinetic energy analysis; Flow rate; Probability distribution function (PDF)

11. Characterizing incipient motion of low fines content soils with varying compositions, water contents, and relative densities
Mahsa Ghazian Arabi, Ali Farhadzadeh
Pages 847-856 Purchase PDF
Abstract: Laboratory flume experiments were conducted to quantify the effects of the soil characteristics on the critical shear stress of low fines content soil samples collected from the Montauk shores in New York. The collected soils were reconstituted at five different fines contents, ranging between 0 and 20%. These soil mixtures were composed of two initial water contents, dry of optimum and optimum moistures, and two relative densities, one moderate dense and the other dense. The strength indices of the soils, including the effective cohesion and effective angle of internal friction, were measured using the consolidated undrained (CU) triaxial test. The initiation of erosion tests was conducted on the soil mixtures under a unidirectional steady current condition. The near-bed flow velocity, at the onset of erosion, was used to determine the critical velocity and shear stress for each soil sample. The results indicate that the critical shear stress increases with the fines content and effective cohesion. The soils with the optimum initial water contents demonstrate a higher erosion resistance than those with the initial water contents dry of optimum. The higher relative density appears to overshadow the effects of the fines content such that the critical shear stress of the denser soils remains relatively insensitive to the soil composition. The denser soils compacted at the optimum initial water content show the highest resistance against erosion. The critical Shields parameter is modified to include the fines content, relative density, and initial water content.

Keywords: Soil erodibility; Sediment transport; Critical shear stress; Initiation of motion

12. Morphologic evolution of bifurcated reaches in a macrotidal estuary with mountain streams
Jing Liu, Yongjun Lu, Liqin Zuo, Huaixiang Liu, Qun Xu, Qingzhi Hou
Pages 857-870 Purchase PDF
Abstract: A macrotidal estuary with mountain streams (MEMS) is characterized by rapidly rising and falling flood peaks and large tidal ranges and is a typical estuary type with strong flow dynamics that is found worldwide. Understanding the morphodynamic evolution of MEMSs has great significance for river management. The roles of the mountain stream river flood process and macrotides on the morphology evolution still needs further quantitative study. Taking the Oujiang Estuary as an example, the evolution mechanisms of bifurcated reaches of a MEMS are studied by analyzing the hydrologic and topographic data and using a two-dimensional numerical model for flow-sediment transport. The results show that (1) under the combined actions of runoff and macrotides, sediment transport is active and morphological evolution is intensive, the main branch and subbranch historically switch frequently, and erosion generally occurs in wet years, while deposition occurs in dry years. (2) The river flood process of mountain streams causes rapid erosion, which rises and falls rapidly with a kurtosis index (K) of approximately 2.9. There is a logarithmic relation between the sediment transport load and K. The volume of sediment transport will be 40% larger than the river flood process with K = 1.2 as for the Yangtze River. (3) Macrotides with large tidal ranges could enhance the discharge asymmetry (ψ). When the ψ is greater than 1, the side branches are dominated by flood tides. Although the current study is site specific, the results are expected to provide a valuable reference for sustainable management in similar estuaries.

Keywords: Mountain stream; Macrotide; Kurtosis index of river flooding; Tide asymmetry; Morphological evolution; Bifurcated reach

13. Morphologic evolution of bifurcated reaches in a macrotidal estuary with mountain streams
Jing Liu, Yongjun Lu, Liqin Zuo, Huaixiang Liu, Qun Xu, Qingzhi Hou
Pages 857-870 Purchase PDF
Abstract: A macrotidal estuary with mountain streams (MEMS) is characterized by rapidly rising and falling flood peaks and large tidal ranges and is a typical estuary type with strong flow dynamics that is found worldwide. Understanding the morphodynamic evolution of MEMSs has great significance for river management. The roles of the mountain stream river flood process and macrotides on the morphology evolution still needs further quantitative study. Taking the Oujiang Estuary as an example, the evolution mechanisms of bifurcated reaches of a MEMS are studied by analyzing the hydrologic and topographic data and using a two-dimensional numerical model for flow-sediment transport. The results show that (1) under the combined actions of runoff and macrotides, sediment transport is active and morphological evolution is intensive, the main branch and subbranch historically switch frequently, and erosion generally occurs in wet years, while deposition occurs in dry years. (2) The river flood process of mountain streams causes rapid erosion, which rises and falls rapidly with a kurtosis index (K) of approximately 2.9. There is a logarithmic relation between the sediment transport load and K. The volume of sediment transport will be 40% larger than the river flood process with K = 1.2 as for the Yangtze River. (3) Macrotides with large tidal ranges could enhance the discharge asymmetry (ψ). When the ψ is greater than 1, the side branches are dominated by flood tides. Although the current study is site specific, the results are expected to provide a valuable reference for sustainable management in similar estuaries.

Keywords: Mountain stream; Macrotide; Kurtosis index of river flooding; Tide asymmetry; Morphological evolution; Bifurcated reach