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Papers Published in the International Journal of Sediment Research Volume 35, No.4, 2020
Release time: 2020-05-29

International Journal of Sediment Research

Volume 35, Issue 4

Pages 315-430 (August 2020)

 

Modeling the effect of sediment concentration on the flow-like behavior of natural debris flow

Leonardo Schippa

Pages 315-327

 

Stochastic evolution of hydraulic geometry relations in the lower Yellow River of China under environmental uncertainties

Xiaolong Song Deyu Zhong;Guangqian Wang; Xiaonan Li

Pages 328-346

 

Numerical simulation of sediment deposition and trapping efficiency estimation in settling basins, considering secondary flows

EsmailLakzian HassanSaghi OmidKooshki

Pages 347-354

 

Computational fluid dynamics modeling of abutment scour under steady current using the level set method

Mohammad Saud Afzal; Han Bihs;Lalit Kumar

Pages 355-364

 

Sediment dynamics and temporal variation of runoff in the Yom River, Thailand

Matharit Namsai; Butsawan Bidorn; Seree Chanyotha; Ruetaitip Mama; Nathamon Phanomphongphaisarn

Pages 365-376

 

Performance of riffle structures on the stabilization of two successive knick points over a sandy bed

Afshin Fouladi Semnan; Mohammad Reza Jaefarzadeh

Pages 377-385

 

A GPU-based numerical model coupling hydrodynamical and morphological processes

Jingming Hou; Yongde Kang; Chunhong Hu; Yu Tong; Baozhu Pan; Junqiang Xia

Pages 386-394

 

A time-splitting pressure-correction projection method for complete two-fluid modeling of a local scour hole

Kambiz Farahi Moghadam; Mohammad Ali Banihashemi; Peyman Badiei; Ali Shirkavand

Pages 395-407

 

Soil erosion and sediment interception by check dams in a watershed for an extreme rainstorm on the Loess Plateau, China

Leichao Bai; Nan Wang; Juying Jiao; Yixian Chen; Bingzhe Tang; Haolin Wang; Yulan Chen; Xiqin Yan; Zhijie Wang

Pages 408-416

 

Hydrodynamics and suspended particulate matter retention in macrotidal estuaries located in Amazonia-semiarid interface (Northeastern-Brazil)

Vinicius Henrique Macieldos Santos; Francisco Joséda Silva Dias; Audálio Rebelo Torres; R?mulo Araújo Soares; Laís Costa Tertoa Ant?nio Carlos Lealde Castro; Ricardo Luvizotto Santos; Marco Valério Jansen Cutrimd

Pages 417-429

 

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Author: Leonardo Schippa

Modeling the effect of sediment concentration on the flow-like behavior of natural debris flow

 International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 35, Issue 4, 2020, Pages 315-327, ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2020.03.001

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627920300238)

Abstract: The rheological behavior of natural slurries consisting of fine-grained, reconstituted debris-flow deposits on pyroclastic terrains having different solid concentrations (ranging from 30 to 42%) has been investigated using a rotational rheometer equipped with a vane rotor system. Experiments were done by increasing the applied shear stress step by step; then a decreasing stress ramp was applied following the same shear stress levels. The slurry mixtures exhibit a typical yield-stress fluid behavior with a static yield stress larger than the dynamic yield stress. In the range of the shear rate corresponding to the flow-like behavior the slurry mixtures behave as a dilatant fluid at lower grain concentrations and as a pseudoplastic fluid in correspondence with the higher grain content, showing a strong discrepancy from the Bingham idealization. The rheological behavior is better interpreted by a Herschel-Bulkley model, whose rheological parameters strongly depend on the granular concentration. Therefore, a generalized Herschel-Bulkley model accounting for the bulk sediment concentration effect is proposed.

Keywords: Debris flow; Rheology; Grain concentration; Herschel-Bulkley model

 

Authors: Xiaolong Song; Deyu Zhong;Guangqian Wang; Xiaonan Li

Stochastic evolution of hydraulic geometry relations in the lower Yellow River of China under environmental uncertainties

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 35, Issue 4, 2020, Pages 328-346 , ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2020.02.003

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S100162792030007X)

Abstract: Hydraulic geometry relations comprise a classic way to understand characteristics of a river. However, environmental changes pose large uncertainties for the reliability of such relations. In the current study, on the basis of the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) formed through linear treatment of the deterministic power-law hydraulic geometry relations, a set of stochastic differential equations (SDEs) driven by Fractional white noise and Poisson noise are developed to simulate the historical dynamic probability distributions of typical hydraulic geometry variables such as slope, width, depth, and velocity with bankfull discharge variation over time in the lower Yellow River of China. One group of possible stochastic average behaviors within the next 50 years are calculated under three different design incoming water-sediment conditions (including 300, 600, and 800 million t of annual average sediment discharge). In each part of the lower reaches, after estimation of the SDE parameters using a nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method, the model is carefully examined using Monte Carlo simulation as compared with the deterministic control models. The results of this comparison reveal the potential responses of hydraulic geometry characteristics to environmental disturbances, and the average trends mainly agree with the measurements. Comparisons among the three different prediction results reveal the stochastic average solution generally is greater than the deterministic solution. The results also confirm the severe negative impacts that result from the condition of 300 million t of incoming sediment, thus, pointing out the need to raise the level of river evolution alert for the lower Yellow River of China in the future. Moreover, with the help of the stochastic computation, the stream power and hydraulic width/depth ratio could be representative of an effective systematic measure for river dynamics. The proposed stochastic approach is not only important to development in the field of fluvial relations, but also beneficial to the practical design and monitoring of a river system according to specified accuracy requirements.

Keywords: Hydraulic geometry relations;Environmental uncertainties;Stochastic differential equation;Lower Yellow River;River system

 

Authors: Esmail Lakzian; Hassan Saghi; Omid Kooshki

Numerical simulation of sediment deposition and trapping efficiency estimation in settling basins, considering secondary flows

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 35, Issue 4, 2020, Pages 347-354, ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2020.02.001

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627920300056)

Abstract: In this paper, sediment deposition and trapping efficiency in shallow rectangular reservoirs were numerically estimated considering secondary flows. In order to do this, three dimensional (3D) steady, incompressible, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with the standard  turbulence model were used as the governing equations. The drift-flux model also was used to model the solid phase. In the next step, the developed model was validated using the available data. Then it was used to simulate the sediment deposition and trapping efficiency in shallow rectangular reservoirs, considering secondary flows. The results show the sediment is trapped in the inlet corner of the reservoir, and two pairs of large vortices on the sides and two pairs of small vortices at the inlet corner of the reservoir are observed. Finally, the effects of the input angle of the reservoir to the trapping efficiency are evaluated and the results are discussed.

Keywords: Sedimentation;Deposition;Secondary flows;Numerical computation;Trapping efficiency

 

Authors: Mohammad Saud Afzal;Han Bihs; Lalit Kumar

Computational fluid dynamics modeling of abutment scour under steady current using the level set method

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 35, Issue 4, 2020, Pages 355-364, ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2020.03.003

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627920300251)

Abstract: The scour and deposition pattern around an abutment under constant discharge condition is calculated using a three dimensional (3D) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations are solved in three dimensions using a CFD model. The Level Set Method (LSM) is used for calculation of both free surface and bed topography. The two-equation turbulence model (k-ε and k-ω) is used to calculate the eddy viscosity in the RANS equations. The pressure term in the RANS equations on a staggered grid is modeled using the Chorin's projection method. The 5th order Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (WENO) scheme discretizes the convective term of the RANS equations. The Kovacs and Parker and Dey formulations are used for the reduction in bed shear stress on the sloping bed. The model also used the sandslide algorithm which limits bed shear stress reduction during the erosion process. The numerical model solution is validated against experimental results collected at the Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy. Further, the numerical model is tested for performance by varying the grid sizes and key parameters like the space and time discretization schemes. The effect of varying bed porosity has been evaluated. Overall, the free surface is well represented in a realistic manner and bed topography is well predicted using the Level Set Method (LSM).

Keywords: Sediment transport; Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD); Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS); Level Set Method (LSM); Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (WENO); Total Variation Diminishing (TVD)

 

 

Authors: Matharit Namsai; Butsawan Bidorn; Seree Chanyotha; Ruetaitip Mama; Nathamon Phanomphongphaisarn

Sediment dynamics and temporal variation of runoff in the Yom River, Thailand

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 35, Issue 4, 2020, Pages 365-376, ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2020.03.002Get

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S100162792030024X)

Abstract: The Yom River is one of the four major sediment sources to the Chao Phraya River in Thailand. Human activities and changes in climate over the past six decades may have affected the discharge and sediment load to some extent. In the current study, the river discharge and sediment characteristics in the mainstream of the Yom River were investigated using the field observation data from 2011 to 2013 and the historical river flow and sediment data from 1954 to 2014 at six hydrological stations operated by the Royal Irrigation Department of Thailand (RID). The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and double mass curve were used to analyze the sediment dynamics and temporal changes in the discharge of the Yom River. The results revealed that the sediment was mainly transported in suspension, and the bed-to-suspended sediment loads ratio varied between 0 and 0.05. The daily suspended sediment load (SSL) in the upper and middle basins had a strong correlation with the daily discharge and could be represented by power equations with coefficients of determination higher than 0.8. The daily suspended sediment load in the lower basin did not directly depend on the corresponding discharge because of the reduction in river slope and water diversion by irrigation projects. It also appeared that the river discharges and sediment loads were mainly influenced by climate variation (floods and droughts). Moreover, the average sediment transport of the upper, middle, and lower reaches were 0.57, 0.71, and 0.35 million t/y, respectively. The sediment load in the lower basin decreased more than 50% as a result of changes in the river gradient (from mountainous to floodplain areas). The results from sediment analysis also indicated that the construction of the Mae Yom Barrage, the longest diversion dam in Thailand, and land-use changes did not significantly affect the sediment load along the Yom River.

Keywords: Suspended sediment load; Fluvial sediment; Chao Phraya River basin; Dam construction; Climate change; Human activities

 

Authors: Afshin Fouladi Semnan; Mohammad Reza Jaefarzadeh

Performance of riffle structures on the stabilization of two successive knickpoints over a sandy bed

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 35, Issue 4, 2020, Pages 377-385 , ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2020.02.006

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627920300226)

 Abstract: Two successive knickpoints with a 10% slope were constructed 1 m apart on a sandy bed in a rectangular flume with a longitudinal slope of 0.003. Bed erosion and knickpoint migration were studied experimentally for different discharges. The performance of two grade-control structures–Newbury rock riffles (NRR) and cross-vane riffles (CVR)–were studied experimentally for the stabilization of each knickpoint. Both of the structures were successful in controlling the bed erosion; however, the NRR operated relatively better than the CVR for they could concentrate the flow at the middle part of the channel to produce more regular contours with less local erosion and bed settlement. The experiments demonstrated that the construction of a control structure was not only effective in the stabilization of a knickpoint but also retarded the migration of its neighboring counterpart.

Keywords: Control structures; Cross-vane riffle; Knickpoint migration; Newbury rock riffle; Riverbed stabilization

 

Authors: Jingming Hou; Yongde Kang; Chunhong Hu; Yu Tong; Baozhu Pan; Junqiang Xia

A GPU-based numerical model coupling hydro-dynamical and morphological processes

 International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 35, Issue 4, 2020, Pages 386-394 , ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2020.02.005

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627920300214)

Abstract: Sediment transport simulations are important in practical engineering. In this study, a graphics processing unit (GPU)-based numerical model coupling hydrodynamical and morphological processes was developed to simulate water flow, sediment transport, and morphological changes. Aiming at accurately predicting the sediment transport and sediment scouring processes, the model resolved the realistic features of sediment transport and used a GPU-based parallel computing technique to the accelerate calculation. This model was created in the framework of a Godunov-type finite volume scheme to solve the shallow water equations (SWEs). The SWEs were discretized into algebraic equations by the finite volume method. The fluxes of mass and momentum were computed by the Harten, Lax, and van Leer Contact (HLLC) approximate Riemann solver, and the friction source terms were calculated by the proposed a splitting point-implicit method. These values were evaluated using a novel 2D edge-based MUSCL scheme. The code was programmed using C++ and CUDA, which could run on GPUs to substantially accelerate the computation. The aim of the work was to develop a GPU-based numerical model to simulate hydrodynamical and morphological processes. The novelty is the application of the GPU techniques in the numerical model, making it possible to simulate the sediment transport and bed evolution in a high-resolution but efficient manner. The model was applied to two cases to evaluate bed evolution and the effects of the morphological changes on the flood patterns with high resolution. This indicated that the GPU-based high-resolution hydro-geomorphological model was capable of reproducing morphological processes. The computational times for this test case on the GPU and CPU were 298.1 and 4531.2 s, respectively, indicating that the GPU could accelerate the computation 15.2 times. Compared with the traditional CPU high-grid resolution, the proposed GPU-based high-resolution numerical model improved the reconstruction speed more than 2.0–12.83 times for different grid resolutions while remaining computationally efficient.

Keywords: Sediment simulation; Shallow water equation; Finite-volume method; GPU

 

Authors: Kambiz Farahi Moghadam; Mohammad Ali Banihashemi; Peyman Badiei; Ali Shirkavand

A time-splitting pressure-correction projection method for complete two-fluid modeling of a local scour hole

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 35, Issue 4, 2020, Pages 395-407, ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2020.02.004

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627920300202)

Abstract: A two-dimensional vertical (2DV), Eulerian two-phase model or complete two-fluid model of the free surface flow was developed to simulate water-sediment flow in a local scour hole. In the model, the complete forms of the vertical, two-dimensional, two-fluid Navier-Stokes equations were discretized using a finite volume scheme. This discretization was done based on a standard staggered grid system using a curvilinear network system in compliance with the bed boundaries and water level. At the beginning of the computational cycle, the equations governing the fluid phase were solved based on the two-step projection method with a pressure-correction technique. In the first step, the intermediate fluid velocities were obtained by solving different phases of the momentum equations of the fluid phase using the time-splitting technique. In the second step, pressure was obtained and fluid velocities were updated. In this step a simple discretization method was applied for decreasing the computational complexity. After obtaining all the fluid phase variables at a new time step, the sediment phase momentum equations were solved using the time-splitting technique and sediment velocities were obtained. Then, at the end of the computational cycle, the sediment phase mass equation was solved and the concentrations of both phases were updated. At last, the capacity of the model for simulating of the longitudinal fluid velocity and sediment concentration in a local scour hole was evaluated. Numerical results were found to be in good agreement with experimental data.

Keywords: Numerical modeling; Complete two-fluid model; Time-splitting pressure-correction projection method; Local scour hole; Sediment concentration; Longitudinal fluid velocity

 

Authors: Leichao Bai; Nan Wang; Juying Jiao; Yixian Chen; Bingzhe Tang; Haolin Wang; Yulan Chen; Xiqin Yan; Zhijie Wang

Soil erosion and sediment interception by check dams in a watershed for an extreme rainstorm on the Loess Plateau, China

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 35, Issue 4, 2020, Pages 408-416, ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2020.03.005

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627920300275)

Abstract: The magnitude of soil erosion and sediment load reduction efficiency of check dams under extreme rainstorms is a long-standing concern. The current paper aims to use check dams to deduce the amount of soil erosion under extreme rainstorms in a watershed and to identify the difference in sediment interception efficiency of different types of check dams. Based on the sediment deposition at 12 check dams with 100% sediment interception efficiency and sub-catchment clustering by taking 12 dam-controlled catchments as clustering criteria, the amount of soil erosion resulting from an extreme rainstorm event on July 26, 2017 (named “7·26” extreme rainstorm) was estimated in the Chabagou watershed in the hill and gully region of the Loess Plateau. The differences in the sediment interception efficiency among the check dams in the watershed were analyzed according to field observations at 17 check dams. The results show that the average erosion intensity under the “7–26” extreme rainstorm was approximately 2.03 × 104 t/km2, which was 5 times that in the second largest erosive rainfall in 2017 (4.15 × 103 t/km2) and 11–384 times that for storms in 2018 (0.53 × 102 t/km2 - 1.81 × 103 t/km2). Under the “7–26” extreme rainstorm, the amount of soil erosion in the Chabagou watershed above the Caoping hydrological station was 4.20 × 106 t. The sediment interception efficiency of the check dams with drainage canals (including the destroyed check dams) and with drainage culverts was 6.48 and 39.49%, respectively. The total actual sediment amount trapped by the check dams was 1.11 × 106 t, accounting for 26.36% of the total amount of soil erosion. In contrast, 3.09 × 106 t of sediment were input to the downstream channel, and the sediment deposition in the channel was 2.23 × 106 t, accounting for 53.15% of the total amount of soil erosion. The amount of sediment transport at the hydrological station was 8.60 × 105 t. The Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) under the “7·26” extreme rainstorm was 0.21. The results indicated that the amount of soil erosion was huge, and the sediment interception efficiency of the check dams was greatly reduced under extreme rainstorms. It is necessary to strengthen the management and construction technology standards of check dams to improve the sediment interception efficiency and flood safety in the watershed.

Keywords: Extreme rainstorm; Soil erosion; Check dam; Sediment interception; Loess Plateau

 

Authors: Vinicius Henrique Macieldos Santos; Francisco Joséda Silva Dias; Audálio Rebelo Torres; R?mulo Araújo Soares; Laís Costa Tertoa Ant?nio Carlos Lealde Castro; Ricardo Luvizotto Santos; Marco Valério Jansen Cutrimd

Hydrodynamics and suspended particulate matter retention in macrotidal estuaries located in Amazonia-semiarid interface (Northeastern-Brazil)

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 35, Issue 4, 2020, Pages 417-429, ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2020.03.004

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627920300263)

Abstract: The aim of the current study was to determine the nature of the seasonal variability of the Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) fluxes from the drainage basin to the estuary in a macrotidal region (Northeastern Brazil), and the estuarine response to a seawater intrusion regarding sediment deposition, which will support the understanding of the global transport of materials at the continent-ocean interface. Thermohaline structure data was acquired using a Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) probe with a sampling frequency of 4 Hz. Suspended particulate material was measured by gravimetric measurements applied to exact filtered volume samples. The outflows were measured through the use of an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) with frequency of 1.5 MHz. The horizontal thermal and saline gradients varied from warmer and less saline waters (2014) to cooler and saline waters (2015). The gradient behavior when linked to volume transport and SPM flows, suggests a minimization of the fluvial flows in 2015, easing the advance of coastal water (CW) towards the inner estuary, leading to an inversion of the baroclinic pressure gradient. The bottom saline front, generated by the entrance of coastal water masses, caused an increase in SPM concentrations due to increased fluid density, resuspension of previously deposited sediment, and erosion of banks. High concentrations of SPM indicate higher volume transport suggesting a hydraulic barrier due to the change/inversion of the baroclinic pressure gradient, resulting in water and material retention. Material deposition was observed during neap tide, while during spring tide the material is resuspended, increasing the concentration, generating cycles of deposition and erosion during the neap-spring tides. The sediment in suspension that reach the estuary, even with low fluvial volume, stay in this environment forming new islands because of deposition. High deposition rates or sediment cycling, if generated by the hydraulic barrier, may indicate that the flows of SPM from the continental drainage to the estuary and adjacent continental shelf are interrupted and the residence time is increased.

Keywords: Brazilian Amazonia; Materials discharges; Macrotidal estuaries; Freshwater percentage; Residence time

 

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