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Papers Published in the International Journal of Sediment Research Volume 35, No.1, 2020
Release time: 2019-12-18


 

International Journal of Sediment Research

Volume 35, Issue 1

Pages 1-114 (February, 2020)

Numerical simulation of incipient particle motion

Ali Nasrollahi, Ali Akbar Salehi Neyshabouri, Goodarz Ahmadi, Masoud Montazeri Namin

Pages 1-14

Two-dimensional numerical simulation of sediment transport using improved critical shear stress methods

Zhiyong Feng, Guangming Tan, Junqiang Xia, Caiwen Shu, Peng Chen, Ran Yi

Pages 15-26

Experimental study of near-bed concentration and sediment vertical mixing parameter for vertical concentration distribution in the surf zone

Yang Zhang, Zhili Zou, Wushan Xue, Dapeng Sun

Pages 27-41

Turbulence characteristics of flow past submerged vanes

Himanshu Sharma, Zulfequar Ahmad

Pages 42-56

The uncertainty of the Shannon entropy model for shear stress distribution in circular channels

Amin Kazemian-Kale-Kale, Hossein Bonakdari, Azadeh Gholami, Bahram Gharabaghi

Pages 57-68

Appraisal of the carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio in the bed sediment of the Betwa River, Peninsular India

Madavi Venkatesh, Anshumali

Pages 69-78

Linear spectral unmixing algorithm for modelling suspended sediment concentration of flash floods, upper Tekeze River, Ethiopia

Hagos G. Gebreslassie, Assefa M. Melesse, Kevin Bishop, Azage G. Gebremariam

Pages 79-90

Bioelectricity generation and remediation of sulfide contaminated tidal flat sediment

M. Azizul Moqsud

Pages 91-96

Regularity of sediment transport and sedimentation during floods in the lower Yellow River, China

Qingchao Guo, Zhao Zheng, Liemin Huang, Anjun Deng

Pages 97-104

Measuring the geometry of a developing scour hole in clear-water conditions using underwater sonar scanning

Ashley Rogers, Costantino Manes, Toru Tsuzaki

Pages 105-114

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Ali Nasrollahi, Ali Akbar Salehi Neyshabouri, Goodarz Ahmadi, Masoud Montazeri Namin,

Numerical simulation of incipient particle motion,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 35, Issue 1,

2020,

Pages1-14,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.07.006. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918303809)

Abstract

A two-dimensional (2D) computational model for simulation of incipient sediment motion for non-cohesive uniform and non-uniform particles on a horizontal bed was developed using the Discrete Element Method (DEM). The model was calibrated and verified using various experimental data reported in the literature and compared with different theories of incipient particle motion. Sensitivity analysis was done and the effects of relevant parameters were determined. In addition to hydrodynamic forces such as drag, shear lift and Magnus force, the particle-particle interaction effects were included in the model. The asymptotic critical mobility number was evaluated for various critical particle Reynolds numbers (R*) in the range of very small and very large R*. The obtained curve is classified into four regions. It was found that in the linear region, the drag force has the principal role on the initiation of motion. Moreover, the critical mobility number is independent of particle diameter. A procedure for estimating the critical shear velocity directly from the information on particle diameter and roughness height was developed. Finally, the mechanism of incipient motion for the different regions was studied and the effect of different forces on the incipient particle motion was obtained. It was found that the maximum effects of lift and Magnus forces were, respectively, less than ten and twenty percent of the total force. The drag force, however, was typically the dominant force accounting for majority of the net hydrodynamic force acting on sediment particles at the onset of incipient motion.

Keywords

Incipient motion; Shields curve; Numerical simulation; Drag force; Lift force; Magnus force; Discrete Element Method

Zhiyong Feng, Guangming Tan, Junqiang Xia, Caiwen Shu, Peng Chen, Ran Yi,

Two-dimensional numerical simulation of sediment transport using improved critical shear stress methods,

Volume 35, Issue 1,

2020,

Pages15-26,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.10.003.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S100162791830369X)

Abstract

Research on the critical shear stresses for erosion and deposition for cohesive sediment has attracted substantial attention from both engineering and theoretical viewpoints due to their importance in sediment transport theory. Previous studies have proposed a large number of empirical and semi-empirical methods to estimate the critical erosion and deposition shear stress, but comparative analyses and validation of the existing methods are still lacking, leaving questions regarding the applicability ranges of the methods. The current paper evaluates the performance and applicability range of five critical erosion shear stress methods derived from different hypotheses on sediment transport for flume experiments and natural tidal rivers using a process-based model. In addition, the effect of the critical deposition shear stress on sediment transport is investigated. The results show that the different critical erosion shear stress methods yield distinctly different prediction results, and their performance and applicability ranges are discussed by comparing their predictions with measured sediment concentrations from the Shenzhen River and measured geometric changes from the Partheniades' flume experiment. The hiding and exposure effect has been recognized as a crucial factor in the incipient motion of sediment on nonuniform beds. A sensitivity analysis of selective deposition and continuous deposition justifies the existence of the critical deposition shear stress. The current study highlights the performance and applicability ranges of the existing critical shear stress methods in sediment transport modeling for uniform and nonuniform beds, which will enrich understanding of the underlying mechanisms of erosion and deposition of cohesive sediment.

Keywords

Cohesive sediment; Critical shear stress; Hiding and exposure effect; Numerical modeling; Shenzhen river

Yang Zhang, Zhili Zou, Wushan Xue, Dapeng Sun,

Experimental study of near-bed concentration and sediment vertical mixing parameter for vertical concentration distribution in the surf zone,

Volume 35, Issue 1,

2020,

Pages27-41,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.07.004. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918301756)

?Abstract

Abstract

Two formulae for the near-bed concentration(`Ca)and the sediment vertical mixing parameter (m) are established based on a large scale wave flume experiment. The advantage of the new formulae is that the turbulent kinetic energy induced by wave breaking can be taken into account; the formula for`Ca is in terms of the near-bed, time-averaged turbulent kinetic energy, and the formula for m is in terms of depth- and time-averaged turbulent kinetic energy. A new expression for suspended sediment load also is established by depth integration of the vertical distribution of the suspended sediment concentration obtained on basis of the new formulae. Equation validation is done by comparing the predicted`Ca and m to measurements for different types of waves (regular wave, wave group, and irregular wave), and good agreement is found. The advantages of the proposed formulae over previous formulae also are discussed.

Keywords

Near-bed concentration; Sediment vertical mixing parameter; Turbulent kinetic energy; Surf zone; Wave type

Himanshu Sharma, Zulfequar Ahmad,

Turbulence characteristics of flow past submerged vanes,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 35, Issue 1,

2020,

Pages 42-56,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.07.002.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918302312)

Abstract

Submerged vanes are hydrofoils utilized to manage the sediment transport through the river by generating the turbulence in the flow in the form of helical currents. The vanes are placed in the flow with respect to its direction at angle of 10o to 40o. In the current study, an attempt has been made to study the effect of the introduction of vanes in form of rows on parameters like turbulence intensities, Reynolds stresses, turbulent kinetic energy, anisotropy index, and the velocity profile of the flow. It is observed that the profile of variation of turbulence intensities, turbulent kinetic energy, vertical Reynolds stress and velocity over three different marked verticals on a transect are nearly identical whereas a large scatter is observed in the variation of transverse Reynolds stress over the vertical of the aforementioned vertical locations. This observation suggests that flow turbulence is homogeneous over the vertical while scattering in the variation of the transverse Reynolds stress component may be attributed to the presence of secondary currents in the flow. After introducing rows of submerged vanes, the bed turbulence is reduced, hence, helping reduce many scour related phenomenon. It is also observed that a vortex occurred at 0.85 times the height of the vane and the variation of turbulence quantities in the presence of vanes shows the existence of a peak in these quantities. It is observed that as flow moves away from the vane rows, due to the interaction of vortices and the action of vorticity, vortices dampens down and the flow regains homogeneity. After the introduction of submerged vane rows, bed shear stress reduces as fluid from the surface replaces the slow-moving fluid near the bed due to the secondary currents generated by the vanes leading to reduction in the magnitude of turbulence intensities, Reynolds stresses, and turbulent kinetic energy near the bed. The anisotropy index is observed to increase near the bed as induced secondary currents enhanced the turbulence production in the near bed region. All the profiles of parameters obtained in the current study show the existence of a peak or inflexions at a height of 0.85H from bed (Where, H is the height of the submerged vane). Profiles of parameters obtained in the current study suggest that as the vorticity dampens the vane-generated secondary currents, the scattering in the profiles along the vertical reduces and profiles are observed to regain the variation which they had before the introduction of vane rows, suggesting that flow turbulence has regained its homogeneity.

Keywords

Turbulence; Anisotropy; Submerged vanes; Secondary currents; Turbulence parameters

Amin Kazemian-Kale-Kale, Hossein Bonakdari, Azadeh Gholami, Bahram Gharabaghi,

The uncertainty of the Shannon entropy model for shear stress distribution in circular channels,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 35, Issue 1,

2020,

Pages57-68,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.07.001. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918302695)

Abstract

The shear stress distribution at alluvial stream beds and banks is one of the essential parameters in channel stability analysis. In the current paper, a novel uncertainty analysis method based on the framework of a Bayesian Forecasting System (BFS) is presented to evaluate the Shannon entropy model for prediction of the shear stress distribution in both circular rigid-bed and alluvial-bed channels. The Johnson and Box-Cox transformation functions were applied to select the optimum sample size (SS) and corresponding transformation factor for determining a 95% confidence bound (CB) for the Shannon entropy model. The Shapiro-Wilk (SW) test is applied according to the SS used to evaluate the power of transformation functions in the data normalization. The results show that the error distribution between predicted and experimental shear stress values generated using the Box-Cox transformation is closer to a Gaussian distribution than the generated using the Johnson transformation. The indexes of the percentage of the experimental values within the CB (Nin) and Forecast Range Error Estimate (FREE) are applied for the uncertainty analyses. The lower values of FREE equal to 1.724 in the circular rigid-bed channel represent the low uncertainty of Shannon entropy in the prediction of shear stress values compared to the uncertainty for the circular alluvial-bed channel with a FREE value equal to 7.647.

Keywords

Uncertainty analysis; Shear stress distribution; Shannon entropy; Confidence bound; Johnson transformation; Box-Cox transformation; Circular with sediment bed

Madavi Venkatesh, Anshumali,

Appraisal of the carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio in the bed sediment of the Betwa River, Peninsular India,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 35, Issue 1,

2020,

Pages69-78,

ISSN 100-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.07.003.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918303202)

Abstract

Bed sediment carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio is one of the essential variables reflecting sources of organic matter in river basins. In order to explore the spatial variability in sources of sediment C/N ratios, and the influence of land use and land cover (LULC) changes on the Betwa River basin in Peninsular India, 51 river bed sediment samples were collected in December 2016. The coefficient of variation (CV) was >35% indicating highly variable biogeochemical parameters. The sediment C/N ratio varied from 2.94 to 10.09, 3.21–56.40, and 6.50–76.97 in upstream, mid-stream, and downstream regions, respectively, indicating a progressive change in sources of organic matter and depositional environment. The positive correlation between total carbon (TC) and C/N ratio was increasing in the downstream direction [upstream (+0.560) < mid-stream (+0.603) < downstream (+0.838)], which is an indication of high deposition and slow decomposition of sedimentary terrigenous organic matter distant from the regions of urban pollution. The LULC change analysis done by remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) methods revealed an adverse change for the forests and barren land and a positive change for the agricultural land and built-up areas. The sediment C/N ratio mapping showed the impact of LULC changes on the sediment quality. The spatial distribution of bed sediment C/N ratio in the Betwa River basin has important reference value for managing organic matter transport in the downstream Yamuna River and Ganga River basin.

Keywords

Bed sediment; C/N ratio; ANOVA analysis; Bundelkhand region; Marginal alluvial plain

Hagos G. Gebreslassie, Assefa M. Melesse, Kevin Bishop, Azage G. Gebremariam;

Linear spectral unmixing algorithm for modelling suspended sediment concentration of flash floods, upper Tekeze River, Ethiopia;

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 35, Issue 1,

2020,

Pages 79-90,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.07.007. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918300635)

Abstract

Flash floods are the highest sediment transporting agent, but are inaccessible for in-situ sampling and have rarely been analyzed by remote sensing technology. Laboratory and field experiments were done to develop linear spectral unmixing (LSU) remote sensing model and evaluate its performance in simulating the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in flash floods. The models were developed from continuous monitoring in the laboratory and the onsite spectral signature of river bed sediment deposits and flash floods in the Tekeze River and in its tributary, the Tsirare River. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the variability of correlations between reflectance and SSCs. The coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square of error (RMSE) were used to evaluate the performance of the generated models. The results found that the Pearson correlation coefficient between SSCs and reflectance varied based on the level of the SSCs, geological colors, and grain sizes. The performance of the LSU model and empirical remote sensing approaches were computed to be R2 = 0.92, and RMSE = ±0.76 g/l in the Tsirare River and R2 = 0.91, and RMSE = ±0.73 g/l in the Tekeze River and R2 = 0.81, RMSE = ±2.65 g/l in the Tsirare river and R2 = 0.76, RMSE = ±10.87 g/l in the Tekeze River, respectively. Hence, the LSU approach of remote sensing was found to be relatively accurate in monitoring and modeling the variability of SSCs that could be applied to the upper Tekeze River basin.

Keywords

Empirical remote sensing; Flash floods; Linear spectral unmixing; Suspended sediment concentration; Tekeze River

M. Azizul Moqsud,

Bioelectricity generation and remediation of sulfide contaminated tidal flat sediment,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 35, Issue 1,

2020,

Pages 91-96,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.08.006. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918303780)

Abstract

A dramatic decrease in the catch of shellfish has been observed due to the high amount of Acid Volatile Sulfide (AVS) in the tidal flats in Japan. In the current study, an evaluation of simultaneous bioelectricity generation and remediation of sulfide contaminated tidal flat sediment has been done. The sediment samples collected from Tokyo Bay and Yamaguchi Bay, Japan, have been used in the laboratory test. A 2 L cylindrical shaped Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell (SMFC) has been used to evaluate the remediation of both sediment samples in the laboratory. Three different electrode materials carbon felt, carbon fiber and bamboo charcoal were used in the experiments to compare their efficiency to reduce the AVS from the sediment and generate bioelectricity. It was observed that the AVS reduction was higher at 5 cm depths for the Tokyo Bay sediment (100%) compared to the Yamaguchi Bay sediment (60%). The larger grain size for the Tokyo Bay sediment was the probable reason for this. The maximum voltage was around 100 and 80 mV for Tokyo Bay and Yamaguchi Bay, respectively.

Keywords

Acid volatile sulfide; Bioelectricity; Remediation; Tidal flat; Sediment microbial fuel cell; Sediment

Qingchao Guo, Zhao Zheng, Liemin Huang, Anjun Deng,

Regularity of sediment transport and sedimentation during floods in the lower Yellow River, China,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 35, Issue 1,

2020,

Pages97-104,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.08.001.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627919300319)

Abstract

The flood season is the main period of flow, sediment transport, and sedimentation in the lower Yellow River (LYR). Within the flood season, most of the flow, sediment transport, and sedimentation occurs during flood events. Because of the importance of floods in forming riverbeds in the LYR, the regularity of sediment transport and sedimentation during floods in the LYR was studied. Measured daily discharge and sediment transport rate data for the LYR from 1960 to 2006 were used. A total of 299 floods were selected; these floods had a complete evolution of the flood process from the Xiaolangdi to the Lijin hydrological stations. For five hydrological stations (Xiaolangdi, Huayuankou, Gaocun, Aishan, and Lijin), a correlation was first established for floods of different magnitudes between the average sediment transport rate at a given station and the average sediment concentration at the closest upstream station. The results showed that the sediment transport rate at the downstream station was strongly correlated with the inflow (upstream station) sediment concentration during a flood event. A relation then was established between sedimentation in the LYR and the average sediment concentration at the Xiaolangdi station during a flood event. From this relation, the critical sediment concentrations were obtained for absolute erosion, sedimentation equilibrium, and absolute deposition during floods of different magnitudes in the LYR. The results of the current study contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of sediment transport and the regularity of sedimentation in the LYR during floods, and provide technical support to guide the joint operation of reservoirs and the regulation of the LYR.

Keywords

Sediment transport; Floods; Sedimentation; Lower Yellow River

Ashley Rogers, Costantino Manes, Toru Tsuzaki,

Measuring the geometry of a developing scour hole in clear-water conditions using underwater sonar scanning,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 35, Issue 1,

2020,

Pages 105-114,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.07.005.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918303482)

Abstract

A novel scanning technique using a rotating-head sonar profiler attached to a slider mechanism is presented as a means to directly measure the complex erosion and deposition features of local scour holes developing in clear-water conditions around vertical cylinders mimicking bridge piers. Extensive validation shows that the method produces high-density elevation surfaces to within ?1.5 ± 2 mm accuracy in a quasi-non-invasive manner. This equates to 0.5 ± 0.7% relative to the flow depth which sonar resolution is well known to scale with. Experimental data from three trials using different cylinder diameters indicate that monitoring of the entire scour hole over time (instead of only the maximum depth as is commonly done in laboratory experiments) can reveal important information about local scour evolution. In particular, results show that the scour-hole volume scales with the maximum scour depth cubed ()through three linear regimes. The transition to the third linear regime was found to represent a step change in the scour evolution process. Following the recent theoretical framework proposed by Manes and Brocchini (2015), this change, termed the crossover point, was interpreted as the point where the production of turbulent kinetic energy plateaus which corresponds to a stabilization in the erosive power of the horseshoe vortex. Scour development beyond the crossover point is characterised by a significant reduction in the rate of volumetric scour, relative to the steadily-increasing maximum scour depth. This overall reduction in volume-development is attributed to a balance between erosion from in-front of the pier and deposition around the sides using topography analysis. It is speculated that the existence of the crossover point may help to identify the characteristic length and time scales describing the evolution of local scour, which may be used for modeling purposes.

Keywords

Local scour; Scour volume; Clear water; Sonar; Scour hole geometry; Similarity

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