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Papers Published in the International Journal of Sediment Research Volume 34, No.6, 2019
Release time: 2019-12-16

 

International Journal of Sediment Research

Volume 34, Issue 6

Pages 509-616 (December 2019)

 

Bedload transport from analytical and turbulence phenomenological perspectives

Subhasish Dey, Sk Zeeshan Ali, Ellora Padhi

Pages 509-530

From fluvial dynamics to eco-fluvial dynamics

Guojian He, Hongwei Fang, Jianyu Wang, Tao Zhang

Pages 531-536

Modeling the impact of dam removal on channel evolution and sediment delivery in a multiple dam setting

R.E. Poeppl, T. Coulthard, S.D. Keesstra, M. Keiler

Pages 537-549

Turbulent mechanisms in open channel sediment-laden flows

Hai Huang, Hongwu Zhang, Deyu Zhong, Yinglong J. Zhang

Pages 550-563

Laboratory experiments evaluating sedimentation and mound formation of obliquely discharged sand particles in stagnant water

Masoud Manzouri, Amir Hossein Azimi

Pages 564-576

Application of Bayesian model and discriminant function analysis to the estimation of sediment source contributions

Pengfei Du, Donghao Huang, Duihu Ning, Yuehong Chen, BingLiu, JianWang, Jingjing Xu

Pages 577-590

Small river basin and estuarine sediment fluxes: The magnitude necessary for coastal dispersion and siltation effects on a coral reef

Paula Sagili?o Isacksson, Eduardo Guilherme Gentil de Farias, Francisco José Dias, Roberto Nascimento de Farias, Anandra Machado, Francisco de Assis Esteves, Mauricio Mussi Molisani

Pages 591-599

Comparing carbon accumulation in restored and natural wetland soils of coastal Louisiana

Glenn M. Suir, Charles E. Sasser, Ronald D. DeLaune, Elizabeth O. Murray

Pages 600-607

The use of woods-run chips in filter socks to control erosion and sedimentation during petroleum development in the Appalachian Basin

Shawn T. Grushecky, Louis M. McDonald, Lawrence Osborn

Pages 608-615

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Subhasish Dey, Sk Zeeshan Ali, Ellora Padhi,

Bedload transport from analytical and turbulence phenomenological perspectives,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 6,

2019,

Pages 509-530,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.08.002. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627919301714)

Abstract

In this paper, we present the dynamics of bedload transport from two different perspectives. They are the analytical perspective and the turbulence phenomenological perspective. In bedload transport from the analytical perspective, we highlight the systematic advances in the analytical modelling of bedload transport over the decades. These advances are principally classified into three broad foundations, namely, the deterministic foundation, that includes the bed shear stress concept, stream power concept, force balance concept and bedform concept, and the probabilistic foundation and the turbulence phenomenological foundation of bedload transport. The bedload transport from the turbulence phenomenological perspective brings into focus the bedload-induced turbulence phenomenology, including the hydrodynamics of mobile-bed and water-worked bed flows. We also discuss the recent advances in the biofilm-coated bedload transport. Finally, conclusion is drawn, highlighting the major research challenges.

Keywords

Bedload transport; Fluvial hydraulics; Sediment transport; Turbulent flow

Guojian He, Hongwei Fang, Jianyu Wang, Tao Zhang,

From fluvial dynamics to eco-fluvial dynamics,

Volume 34, Issue 6,

2019,

Pages 531-536,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.05.002. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627919301404)

Abstract

Sediment plays a very important role in the functioning of river ecosystems. It is the basic substance for the survival of benthic animals and aquatic plants. On the other hand, the growth of biofilms and bio-disturbance of benthos affect the sediment transport characteristics. With the increasing attention to protect aquatic ecosystems, the importance of habitats has become increasingly researched. The need to study the interactions among sediment, flow, riverbed deformation, and aquatic ecosystems naturally leads to the proposed discipline of eco-fluvial dynamics. In this paper, the basic concept and main research content of eco-fluvial dynamics is introduced with the Yarlung Tsangpo River as the research example. This case study is an example of an aquatic ecosystem in an ever-changing environment because of the effects of climate change. The results of analysis of eco-fluvial dynamics will provide a scientific basis for decision support for the government.

Keywords

Fluvial dynamics; Eco-fluvial dynamics; Water and sediment transport; Aquatic ecosystems; Interactive response

R.E. Poeppl, T. Coulthard, S.D. Keesstra, M. Keiler,

Modeling the impact of dam removal on channel evolution and sediment delivery in a multiple dam setting,

Volume 34, Issue 6,

2019,

Pages 537-549,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.06.001. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918303445)

Abstract

Dam removal can generate geomorphic disturbances, including channel bed and bank erosion and associated abrupt/pulsed release and downstream transfer of reservoir sediment, but the type and rate of geomorphic response often are hard to predict. The situation gets even more complex in systems which have been impacted by multiple dams and a long and complex engineering history. In previous studies one-dimensional (1-D) models were used to predict aspects of post-removal channel change. However, these models do not consider two-dimensional (2-D) effects of dam removal such as bank erosion processes and lateral migration. In the current study the impacts of multiple dams and their removal on channel evolution and sediment delivery were modeled by using a 2-D landscape evolution model (CAESAR-Lisflood) focusing on the following aspects: patterns, rates, and processes of geomorphic change and associated sediment delivery on annual to decadal timescales. The current modeling study revealed that geomorphic response to dam removal (i.e., channel evolution and associated rates of sediment delivery) in multiple dam settings is variable and complex in space and time. Complexity in geomorphic system response is related to differences in dam size, the proximity of upstream dams, related buffering effects and associated rates of upstream sediment supply, and emerging feedback processes as well as to the presence of channel stabilization measures. Modeled types and rates of geomorphic adjustment, using the 2-D landscape evolution model CAESAR-Lisflood, are similar to those reported in previous studies. Moreover, the use of a 2-D method showed some advantages compared to 1-D models, generating spatially varying patterns of erosion and deposition before and after dam removal that provide morphologies that are more readily comparable to field data as well as features like the lateral re-working of past reservoir deposits which further enables the maintenance of sediment delivery downstream.

Keywords

Reservoir and river management; Landscape evolution modeling; Sediment pulses; River engineering; Legacy effects; Complexity

Hai Huang, Hongwu Zhang, Deyu Zhong, Yinglong J. Zhang,

Turbulent mechanisms in open channel sediment-laden flows,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 6,

2019,

Pages 550-563,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.06.002.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918302865)

Abstract

The effects of turbulence on water-sediment mixtures is a critical issue in studying sediment-laden flows. The sediment concentrations and particle inertia play a significant role in the effects of turbulence on mixtures. A two-phase mixture turbulence model was applied to investigate the turbulence mechanisms affecting sediment-laden flows. The two-phase mixture turbulence model takes into account the complicated mechanisms arising from interphase transfer of turbulent kinetic energy, particle collisions, and stratification. The turbulence in sediment-laden flows is the result of the interaction of four factors, i.e. the production, dissipation, diffusion, and inter-phase transfer of turbulent kinetic energy of mixtures. The turbulence production and dissipation are two dominant processes which balance the turbulent kinetic energy of mixtures. The turbulence production represents turbulence intensity, while the inter-phase transfer of turbulent kinetic energy denotes the effect of particles on the turbulence of sediment-laden flows. Although, the magnitude of the inter-phase interaction term is much less than that of the turbulence production and dissipation terms, due to an approximate local balance between production and dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy, even the small order of the inter-phase interaction has a significant impact on the turbulent balance of sediment-laden flows. The presence of particles plays a duel role in the turbulence dissipation of mixtures: both promotion and suppression. An important parameter used to determine the turbulent viscosity of mixtures, which is constant in clear water, is the function of the sediment concentration and particle inertia in sediment-laden flows.

Keywords

Turbulence modulation; Two-phase mixture turbulence model; Suspended sediment; Open channels

Masoud Manzouri, Amir Hossein Azimi,

Laboratory experiments evaluating sedimentation and mound formation of obliquely discharged sand particles in stagnant water,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 6,

2019,

Pages 564-576,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.05.003. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918303585)

Abstract

Many parameters are involved in the deposition of a known mass of sand particles discharge from oblique pipes used in a range of engineering applications. Existing knowledge is not sufficient to accurately predict sediment mound dimensions and development from vertical and horizontal pipes. To better understand deposition patterns, laboratory experiments were done to investigate the development of subaqueous sand deposits from oblique pipes in stagnant water. Factors including nozzle diameter, release angle, release height, and sand mass were evaluated. It was found that nozzle size plays the most important role in shape formation and mound development. Release angle and release height were secondarily important. Five different shape patterns were observed and denoted as circular, ellipse, circular-ring, ellipse-ring, and pear-shaped. The scour hole diameter in the middle of the sediment mound was predicted using engineering assumptions and available semi-empirical correlations from the literature. It was found that the existing formulations can accurately predict the size of the scour hole for large release angles (θ = 60°). An aspect ratio of L/d0 was defined to combine the effect of nozzle size, d0, and sand mass where L is the equivalent length of sand particles in a pipe. It was found that the mass balance equation can predict the deposition for L/ d0 < 100. For higher aspect ratios, semi-empirical formulations were developed to predict the deposition length, width, height, and area with ±10% error.

Keywords

Mound development; Sediment deposition; Sand jets; Particle clouds; Underwater mound

Pengfei Du, Donghao Huang, Duihu Ning, Yuehong Chen, BingLiu, JianWang, Jingjing Xu,

Application of Bayesian model and discriminant function analysis to the estimation of sediment source contributions,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 6,

2019,

Pages 577-590,

ISSN 100-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.05.005.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S100162791830355X)

Abstract

Bayesian and discriminant function analysis (DFA) models have recently been used as tools to estimate sediment source contributions. Unlike existing multivariate mixing models, the accuracy of these two models remains unclear. In the current study, four well-distinguished source samples were used to create artificial mixtures to test the performance of Bayesian and DFA models. These models were tested against the Walling-Collins model, a credible model used in estimation of sediment source contributions estimation, as a reference. The artificial mixtures were divided into five groups, with each group consisting of five samples with known source percentages. The relative contributions of the sediment sources to the individual and grouped samples were calculated using each of the models. The mean absolute error (MAE) and standard error of (SE) MAE were used to test the accuracy of each model and the robustness of the optimized solutions. For the individual sediment samples, the calculated source contributions obtained with the Bayesian (MAE = 7.4%, SE = 0.6%) and Walling-Collins (MAE = 7.5%, SE = 0.7%) models produced results which were closest to the actual percentages of the source contributions to the sediment mixtures. The DFA model produced the worst estimates (MAE = 18.4%, SE = 1.4%). For the grouped sediment samples, the Walling-Collins model (MAE = 5.4%) was the best predictor, closely followed by the Bayesian model (MAE = 5.9%). The results obtained with the DFA model were similar to the values for the individual sediment samples, with the accuracy of the source contribution value being the poorest obtained with any of the models (MAE = 18.5%). An increase in sample size improved the accuracies of the Walling-Collins and Bayesian models, but the DFA model produced similarly inaccurate results for both the individual and grouped sediment samples. Generally, the accuracy of the Walling-Collins and Bayesian models was similar (p > 0.01), while there were significant differences (p < 0.01) between the DFA model and the other models. This study demonstrated that the Bayesian model could provide a credible estimation of sediment source contributions and has great practical potential, while the accuracy of the DFA model still requires considerable improvement.

Keywords

Sediment fingerprinting; Sediment source contribution; Walling-Collins model; Bayesian model; Discriminant function analysis

Paula Sagili?o Isacksson, Eduardo Guilherme Gentil de Farias, Francisco José Dias, Roberto Nascimento de Farias, Anandra Machado, Francisco de Assis Esteves, Mauricio Mussi Molisani,

Small river basin and estuarine sediment fluxes: The magnitude necessary for coastal dispersion and siltation effects on a coral reef,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 6,

2019,

Pages 591-599,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.04.002. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918301823)

Abstract

Increasing continental suspended sediment influx to coral reefs is an example of land-sea coupling that requires the identification of sources, magnitude of transport, and controlling processes. In Brazil, a small coastal basin (Macaé River) was identified as a source of suspended sediment to a coral reef on the coast of Cape Arma??o dos Búzios. Biannual suspended sediment loads were measured at the basin as were fluxes within the estuary and towards the coast during eight tidal cycles. Particle load and yield from this basin were typical of small coastal basins, showing high to moderate slopes and transitional land management. However, the magnitude of the river loads was lower than the sediment transport within the estuary, indicating that the estuary amplifies river fluxes and sustains the transference of suspended sediment alongshore to the coral reef. Nonetheless, the estuary displays both suspended particle retention and export capacity and, therefore, fluxes to the coast and the coral reef occur as episodic events.

Keywords

Suspended matter; Watershed; Mass-balance budget; Campos Basin

Glenn M. Suir, Charles E. Sasser, Ronald D. DeLaune, Elizabeth O. Murray,

Comparing carbon accumulation in restored and natural wetland soils of coastal Louisiana,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 6,

2019,

Pages 600-607,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.05.001. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918302841)

Abstract

Louisiana's chronic wetland deterioration has resulted in massive soil organic matter loss and subsequent carbon release through oxidation. To combat these losses, and reestablish ecosystem function, goods, and services, many restoration projects have been constructed or planned throughout coastal Louisiana. There are significant data gaps and conflicting results regarding wetland contributions to global warming, especially related to carbon sequestration in restored wetlands. An exceptionally large data set was used to derive carbon accumulation rates from key soil characteristics and processes. Assessments and comparisons of bulk density, organic matter, total carbon, vertical accretion (short- and longer-term), and carbon accumulation rates were made across time (chronosequence) and space (i.e., coastwide, watershed basins, and vegetation zones). Carbon accumulation rates in the Louisiana coastal zone were generally correlated to hydrogeomorphology, with higher rates occurring in zones of high river connectivity or in swamp or higher salinity tolerant marsh. On average, naturally occurring wetlands had higher carbon accumulation rates than restoration sites. Although some restoration measures were higher, and most showed increasing carbon accumulation rates over time. Results demonstrate that although wetland restoration provides many ecosystem benefits, the associated carbon sequestration may also provide useful measures for climate change management.

Keywords

Wetland productivity; Chronosequence; Carbon sequestration; Wetland restoration; Coastal Louisiana

Shawn T. Grushecky, Louis M. McDonald, Lawrence Osborn,

The use of woods-run chips in filter socks to control erosion and sedimentation during petroleum development in the Appalachian Basin,

International Journal of Sediment Ressearch,

Volume 34, Issue 6,

2019,

Pages 608-615,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.12.001.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918302105)

Abstract

Filter socks frequently are used for erosion and sediment perimeter control during oil and gas development activities in the Appalachian Basin of the United States. Regulations specify the use of composted wood material for sock construction. This specification, as opposed to non-composted or fresh wood chips (woods-run), has created inefficiencies during well site construction. Rather than use fresh wood chips created during site construction, composted chips must be procured and used as filter sock media for erosion and sedimentation mitigation. If woods-run chips could be used as filter sock media instead of composted chips, there could be a significant reduction in energy/capital costs, truck traffic, and disposal costs. The primary objective of this research project was to compare the effectiveness of woods-run material versus traditionally composted wood chips in controlling sediment transport as well as other chemical and physical parameters in a laboratory setting. No significant differences in pH (5.96 versus 6.02) or conductivity (0.029?dS/m versus 0.035?dS/m) were found in sediment laden water filtered through woods-run versus composted chips, respectively. However, chip particle sizes were outside the allowable limits for composted sock media, and moisture content also was outside the specified limits for woods-run chips. Nitrate (NO3) concentrations were significantly higher in woods-run, while phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) concentrations were greater in composted chips; however none of the N,P, or K concentrations were above the regulatory requirements. Finally, no difference in the filtering efficiency or time was found between woods-run and composted material. The laboratory results indicate that current regulations allowing the use of woods-run chips in all but the highest quality watersheds is justified.

Keywords

BMP; Filter socks; Petroleum exploration; Marcellus shale; Wood chips

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