International Journal of
Sediment Research
Volume 34, Issue 5
Pages 401-508 (October
2019)
Use of incipient motion
data for backward erosion piping models
Vera M. van Beek, Bryant
A. Robbins, Gijs J.C.M. Hoffmans, Adam Bezuijen, Leo C. van Rijn
Pages 401-408
Determination of the
particle load based on detailed suspended sediment measurements at a hydropower
plant
Anant Kumar Rai, Arun Kumar
Pages 409-421
Estimating instantaneous
concentration of suspended sediment using acoustic backscatter from an ADV
Wenjie Li, Shengfa Yang,
Wei Yang, Yi Xiao, Xuhui Fu, Shuaishuai Zhang
Pages 422-431
Clay minerals in the late
Quaternary sediment of Tulare Lake, California: Implications for climate
change, weathering, and erosion processes
Junhua Guo, Christine
Pyles, William Krugh, Rob Negrini
Pages 432-443
Effect of self-weight
consolidation on a hydro-sedimentological model for the Río de la Plata estuary
Pablo Santoro, Mónica
Fossati, Pablo Tassi, Nicolas Huybrechts, DamienPham Van Bang, Ismael
Piedra-Cueva
Pages 444-454
Erosion probability model
of base-soil particle migration into a granular filter under local flow
Yuan Wei, Mei-li Zhan,
Qing-fu Huang, Jin-chang Sheng, Yulong Luo, Qing Zhou
Pages 455-460
Physical and coupled
fully three-dimensional numerical modeling of pressurized bottom outlet
flushing processes in reservoirs
Ousmane Sawadogo, Gerrit
R. Basson, Simon Schneiderbauer
Pages 461-474
Unpaved rural roads as
source areas of sediment in a watershed of the Brazilian semi-arid region
Teresa Raquel Lima
Farias, Pedro Henrique Augusto Medeiros, Joaquín Navarro-Hevia, José Carlos de
Araújo
Pages 475-485
Effect of phosphatation
and calcination on the environmental behaviour of sediments
Moussa Dia, Rachid
Zentar, Nor-edine Abriak, Ange Nzihou, Guy Depelsenaire, Alain Germeau
Pages 486-495
Turbulence and suspended
sediment processes in the Garonne River tidal bore in November 2016
David Reungoat, Xinqian
Leng, Hubert Chanson
Pages 496-508
===========================================
Vera M. van Beek, Bryant
A. Robbins, Gijs J.C.M. Hoffmans, Adam Bezuijen, Leo C. van Rijn,
Use of incipient motion
data for backward erosion piping models,
International Journal of
Sediment Research,
Volume 34, Issue 5,
2019,
Pages 401-408,
ISSN 1001-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.03.001.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S100162791730207X)
Abstract
Backward erosion piping
involves the gradual removal of granular material under the action of water
flow from the foundation of a dam or levee, whereby shallow pipes are formed
that grow in the direction opposite to the flow. This pipe-forming process can
ultimately lead to failure of a water-retaining structure and is considered one
of the most important failure mechanisms for dikes and levees in the
Netherlands and the United States. Modeling of this mechanism requires the
assessment of hydraulic conditions in the pipe, which are controlled by the
particle equilibrium at the pipe wall. Since the pipe?s dimensions are
controlled by the inflow to the pipe from the porous medium, the flow through
the pipe is thought to be laminar for fine- to medium-grained sands. The
literature provides data for incipient motion in laminar flow, which is
reviewed here and complemented with data from backward erosion experiments. The
experiments illustrate the applicability of the laminar incipient motion data
to determine the erosion pipe dimensions and corresponding pipe hydraulics for
fine- to medium-grained sands, for the purpose of backward erosion piping
modeling.
Keywords
Internal erosion;
Backward erosion piping; Cylindrical test; Incipient motion; Dikes; Levees
Anant Kumar Rai, Arun
Kumar,
Determination of the
particle load based on detailed suspended sediment measurements at a hydropower
plant,
Volume 34, Issue 5,
2019,
Pages 409-421,
ISSN 1001-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.04.001.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918300027)
Abstract
Suspended sediment
particles contained in inflows of water systems of hydropower plants (HPPs)
cause hydro-abrasive erosion of the hydraulic turbines and structures leading
to significant maintenance costs, efficiency reductions, and downtime. Relevant
parameters such as suspended sediment concentration (SSC), particle size
distribution (PSD), shape, and mineralogical composition were measured with an
online multi-frequency acoustic instrument and based on manually taken samples
from the end of the sand trap of the Toss HPP in the Himalayan region, India.
In the laboratory, the samples were analyzed using the gravimetric method,
laser diffraction, turbidity, dynamic digital image processing, scanning
electron microscope, petrography analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The online instrument and the samples
provided measurement results at a single point. To investigate vertical
gradients in concentration and particle sizes, additional samples were
collected 9 times at 7 relative water depths. The SSC, most particle sizes, and
particle shape were found to be evenly distributed over depth except d90,
i.e. the diameter which is not exceeded by 90% of the particle mass. d90
measured at 76% of the water depth was in the range of fine sand and was
multiplied by 1.05 to obtain an average value representative for the entire
depth. Improved methodologies to quantify both particle shape and size in an
analytical model for hydro-abrasive erosion are proposed. Also, the PSD
measuring performance of laser diffraction and dynamic imaging was studied and
similar values of the median particle sizes were obtained from both instruments.
Further, multi-frequency acoustic, turbidity and laser diffraction techniques
were found suitable for SSC measurement at the test case HPP.
Keywords
Suspended sediment
concentration; Hydro-abrasive erosion; Hydropower; Particle size distribution;
Particle shape; Mineralogical composition
Wenjie Li, Shengfa Yang,
Wei Yang, Yi Xiao, Xuhui Fu, Shuaishuai Zhang,
Estimating instantaneous
concentration of suspended sediment using acoustic backscatter from an ADV,
Volume 34, Issue 5,
2019,
Pages 422-431,
ISSN 1001-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.10.012.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918300970#!)
?Abstract
The measurement of
instantaneous sediment concentration remains a challenging task. In this study,
a three-step procedure is proposed to estimate instantaneous sediment
concentration using acoustic backscatter from Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter
(ADV). The influences of acoustic noise and particle diameter on an ADV?s
performance was first tested in the laboratory, then the three-step procedure
was verified based on field measurements in the Zhongxian and Fengjie reaches
in the Three Gorges Reservoir. The first step involves reconstructing the
backscatter signal time series. Due to contamination from both the noise floor
and spurious spikes, the denoising-despiking method was applied instead of the
traditional velocity-despiking methods, and this approach performed well based
on spectrum analysis. The second step involves calibrating the sediment
concentration against the backscatter signal. A linear relation, whose slope
and intercept were calibrated to be dependent on particle diameter, is proposed
in double logarithmic coordinates. The third step involves calculating the
instantaneous sediment concentration using reconstructed instantaneous
backscatter based on the proposed relation. The accuracy of the proposed method
was evaluated through consideration of the concentration spectrum and sediment
flux, indicating that the proposed three-step procedure is effective for the
measurement of instantaneous sediment concentration.
Keywords
Instantaneous sediment
concentration; Acoustic backscatter intensity; Denoising-despiking; Particle
diameter; Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter
Junhua Guo, Christine
Pyles, William Krugh, Rob Negrini,
Clay minerals in the late
Quaternary sediment of Tulare Lake, California: Implications for climate
change, weathering, and erosion processes,
International Journal of
Sediment Research,
Volume 34, Issue 5,
2019,
Pages 432-443,
ISSN 1001-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.12.006.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918302555)
Abstract
The clay mineralogy of
Tulare Lake sediment was examined to investigate hydroclimatic and
environmental changes in the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains (SNM) since the
most recent glacial maximum. Evolution of clay mineral assemblages elucidates
significant changes in weathering, erosion, and hydroclimatic condition in the
catchment. During the last glacial period (24.4–15.1?cal ka BP), low illite
content implies less physical erosion of the granitic batholith rocks and a
cold and arid environment in the southern SNM. Abrupt increases of illite
content at 21.8–20.8 and 17.6?cal ka BP resulted from the glacier advances to the
ablation zone and illite-rich glacier flour was transported down to the lake.
The gradual increase of smectite induced by progressive depletion of
illite-rich glacier flour from 17.6?cal ka BP toward the end of this period
indicates climate was beginning to get warm and wet. From 11.9 to 5.3?cal ka
BP, two warm and wet periods (10.7–9.4 and 8.2–5.2?cal ka BP) were
characterized by high smectite/illite content ratios and low illite
crystallinity values, suggesting intensive rainfall precipitation and more physical
erosion in the highland and lowland catchment as well as more smectite
formation in the terrace soils. Since the last glacial period, physical
erosion, in comparison to the chemical weathering, was the dominant process
responding to the hydroclimatic change in the Tulare Lake catchment. Moderate
to weak chemical weathering was signified by the mostly low illite chemical
weathering index of the core sediments. Such results suggest that vegetation
cover in the southern SNM was low and limited.
Keywords
Clay mineralogy; Sierra
Nevada Mountains; Glaciers; Weathering; Tulare Lake
Pablo Santoro, Mónica
Fossati, Pablo Tassi, Nicolas Huybrechts, DamienPham Van Bang, Ismael
Piedra-Cueva,
Effect of self-weight
consolidation on a hydro-sedimentological model for the Río de la Plata estuary,
International Journal of
Sediment Research,
Volume 34, Issue 5,
2019,
Pages 444-454,
ISSN 1001-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.12.004.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918301549)
Abstract
The effect of the
consolidation process on the morphodynamics and fine sediment dynamics of the
Río de la Plata estuary is explored through a circulation-wave-sediment
transport model. The consolidation model is calibrated based on settling column
experimental data. Different simulations are done in order to initialize the
mud layer distribution and to investigate the impact of different erosion
parameter assumptions on the modeled sediment dynamics. Finally, a two-year
simulation is done with and without the consolidation process and realistic
hydrodynamic forcings. Considering the consolidation process, the model
correctly reproduces measured vertical density profiles in the Montevideo Bay
access channel. The simulated suspended sediment dynamics behavior in
Montevideo Bay with the consolidation process provides a more realistic
deposition pattern in regard to the dredging activities.
Keywords
Cohesive sediment;
Self-weight consolidation; Morphodynamics; Numerical modeling
Yuan Wei, Mei-li Zhan, Qing-fu
Huang, Jin-chang Sheng, Yulong Luo, Qing Zhou,
Erosion probability model
of base-soil particle migration into a granular filter under local flow,
Volume 34, Issue 5,
2019,
Pages 455-460,
ISSN 100-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.11.00.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918301240)
Abstract
To avoid soil erosion,
filters often are installed in the downstream cross section of dams. However,
the probability of piping failure and the filter effect both are related to the
soil pore network. Previous erosion probability models for a base soil-filter
system do not consider the effect of local flow. Therefore, in this study, an
improved erosion probability model is established, in which the deviation
between the main flow direction of the soil and the local flow direction in the
filter was considered based on a previous model. The improved model was
validated by numerical simulation. The erosion probability was found to affect
the reasonable evaluation of filter effects and the optimal selection of filter
thickness. The controlling constriction size in a granular filter was increased
to Dc* = Dc5 with a filter thickness of 59 Dm.
Keywords
Granular filter; Pore
network; Erosion probability; Local flow; Deviation probability
Ousmane Sawadogo, Gerrit
R. Basson, Simon Schneiderbauer,
Physical and coupled
fully three-dimensional numerical modeling of pressurized bottom outlet
flushing processes in reservoirs,
International Journal of
Sediment Research,
Volume 34, Issue 5,
2019,
Pages 461-474,
ISSN 1001-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.02.001.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918301914)
Abstract
Sediment deposition in
reservoirs is an important research topic in engineering practice. Reservoir
sedimentation has the potential to affect flood levels, drainage for
agricultural land, pump station and hydropower operation as well as navigation.
This paper describes the development of a coupled fully three-dimensional (3D)
numerical model for the prediction of the local sediment flushing scour
upstream of the bottom outlet. The presented numerical model solves the
Navier-Stokes equations in conjunction with the k-ε turbulence
model which includes both sediment transport and hydrodynamic parameters. The
proposed coupled fully 3D numerical model is used to simulate experimental
tests based on non-cohesive sediment. The geometric features of the scour hole
(temporal and spatial hole development) upstream of the bottom outlet were
reasonably well predicted compared to the experimental data. Furthermore, the
velocity field upstream of the bottom outlet was in good agreement with
measurements. The proposed numerical model for bottom outlet flushing was,
therefore, validated because of its ability to accurately predict the scour
hole development during the flushing process. The proposed numerical model can
be considered reliable provided that the model is correctly calibrated and set
up to reflect the conditions of a particular case study.
Keywords
Bottom outlet; Coupled
flow/sediment model; Sediment flushing; 3D numerical model; Packed bed;
Reservoir
Teresa Raquel Lima
Farias, Pedro Henrique Augusto Medeiros, Joaquín Navarro-Hevia, José Carlos de
Araújo,
Unpaved rural roads as
source areas of sediment in a watershed of the Brazilian semi-arid region,
International Journal of
Sediment Research,
Volume 34, Issue 5,
2019,
Pages 475-485,
ISSN 1001-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.03.002.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918302051)
Abstract
Approximately 80% of the
road network in Brazil is unpaved and shows evidences of a high erosion
potential. In the semi-arid Caatinga Biome in the northeast of the country, a
monitoring programme has been done for two years in order to analyze runoff and
sediment production from unpaved rural roadways and from embankments. Sediment
production ranged from 0.30 to 0.92?Mg/ha?yr, higher than in undisturbed areas,
but generally lower than that reported for unpaved roads in other regions.
However, this is a semi-arid area with low rainfall and runoff and, hence, with
a limited hydrological connectivity and sediment production. Sediment
production on an embankment with no vegetation was around ten times higher than
on an embankment with vegetation. On the road surface, annual sediment
production (normalized for gradient) in a section with traffic was three times
higher than for a road surface without traffic. In addition, events that occurred
after roadway maintenance activities generated peaks of sediment concentration
of over 5000?mg/L. These results suggest that sediment production from roads
and embankments with bare surfaces is at least one order of magnitude higher
than in undisturbed catchment areas. Maintenance activity and vehicle traffic
contribute to an increase in sediment availability and impact on the sediment
concentration, but less intensely on sediment loads, which depend on the runoff
magnitude of the events occurring after roadway maintenance. It was also found
that the natural vegetation of the semi-arid region potentially captures
sediment on roadway embankments; thereby playing an important role in breaking
connectivity between the sediment flow from unpaved roads and the natural
drainage system of the catchment.
Keywords
Sediment production;
Caatinga vegetation; Road maintenance; Embankment
Moussa Dia, Rachid
Zentar, Nor-edine Abriak, Ange Nzihou, Guy Depelsenaire, Alain Germeau,
Effect of phosphatation
and calcination on the environmental behaviour of sediments,
International Journal of
Sediment Research,
Volume 34, Issue 5,
2019,
Pages 486-495,
ISSN 1001-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.10.002.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918302257)
Abstract
Dredging operations
produce considerable quantities of materials, to be managed and this opens an
opportunity for valorization in civil engineering. However, the contamination
of the dredged sediments has become a major problem to solve. The major
contaminants are heavy metals and organic compounds. This study focuses on the
use of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) to stabilize heavy metals
from sediments and destroy organic matter by calcination at 650?°C with a goal
of using sediments in roadworks. Several studies have been conducted in this
field. The stabilized materials obtained have been used in civil engineering.
The main purpose of this work is to discuss the environmental behavior of
marine sediment treated by phosphatation and calcination. Two types of
phosphoric acids were used. The pH dependence leaching test has been used as
the basic characterization to evaluate the effect of the type of phosphoric
acid on the metals behavior in a valorization scenario. The standard leaching
test and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) were conducted
as compliance tests. In regards of the obtained results, the environmental
assessment has also shown a reduction in the availability of targeted heavy
metals in alkaline environment whatever the type of acid used for treatment.
This opens opportunities for co-valorization.
Keywords
Polluted sediments; Heavy
metals; Phosphatation; Calcination and environmental behavior
David Reungoat, Xinqian
Leng, Hubert Chanson,
Turbulence and suspended
sediment processes in the Garonne River tidal bore in November 2016,
International Journal of
Sediment Research,
Volume 34, Issue 5,
2019,
Pages 496-508,
ISSN 1001-6279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.03.003.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918302245)
Abstract
A tidal bore is a water
discontinuity at the leading edge of a flood tide wave in estuaries with a
large tidal range and funneling topography. New measurements were done in the
Garonne River tidal bore on 14–15 November 2016, at a site previously
investigated between 2010 and 2015. The data focused on long, continuous,
high-frequency records of instantaneous velocity and suspended sediment
concentration (SSC) estimate for several hours during the late ebb, tidal bore
passage and flood tide. The bore passage drastically modified the flow field,
with very intense turbulent and sediment mixing. This was evidenced with large
and rapid fluctuations of both velocity and Reynolds stress, as well as large
SSCs during the flood tide. Granulometry data indicated larger grain sizes of
suspended sediment in water samples compared to sediment bed material, with a
broader distribution, shortly after the tidal bore. The tidal bore induced a
sudden suspended sediment flux reversal and a large increase in suspended
sediment flux magnitude. The time-variations of turbulent velocity and
suspended sediment properties indicated large fluctuations throughout the
entire data set. The ratio of integral time scales of SSC to velocity in the
x-direction was on average TE,SSC/TE,x ~ 0.16 during the late ebb tide,
compared to TE,SSC/TE,x ~ 0.09 during the late flood tide. The results imply
different time scales between turbulent velocities and suspended sediment
concentrations.
Keywords
Tidal bore; Garonne
River; Hydrodynamics; Suspended sediment; Field observations;
Turbulence-sediment suspension interactions
