Papers Published in the International Journal of Sediment Research Volume 34, No.4, 2019

International Journal of Sediment Research

Volume 34, Issue 4

Pages 295-400 (August 2019)

Generalized algorithms for particle motion and collision with streambeds

Patricio A. Moreno-Casas, Fabián A. Bo^mbardelli, Juan Pablo Toro

Pages 295-306

The impact of climate change and human activities on streamflow and sediment load in the Pearl River basin

Chuangshou Wu, Changchen Ji, Benwei Shi, Yaping Wang, Jianhua Gao, Yang Yang, Jinbin Mu

Pages 307-321

Sediment transport trends and cross-sectional stability of a lagoonal tidal inlet on the Central Coast of Vietnam

Do Minh Duc, Tran Thanh Tung, Patrick McLaren, Tran Ngoc Anh, Dinh Thi Quynh

Pages 322-334

Long-term coastal erosion assessment along the coast of Karnataka, west coast of India

K. Sowmya, M. Dhivya Sri, Aparna S. Bhaskar, K.S. Jayappa

Pages 335-344

A holistic computational model for prediction of clay suspension structure

Yuan Guo, Xiong (Bill) Yu

Pages 345-354

Local scour around two side-by-side cylindrical bridge piers under ice-covered conditions

Mohammad reza Namaee, Jueyi Sui

Pages 355-367

Development of benthic macroinvertebrates sediment index (BSI) for bioassessment of freshwater sediment

Pil Jae Kim, Jong Hyeon Lee, In Ae Huh, DongSoo Kong

Pages 368-378

Implementing of the JPWSPC method in RIV1H for unsteady flow modeling in general river networks

Dejun Zhu, Yongcan Chen

Pages 379-386

Critical movement of large rocks in currents and waves

L.C. van Rijn

Pages 387-398

Corrigendum to “Numerical simulation of sedimentation process in reservoirs and development of a non-coupled algorithm to improve long-term modeling” [International Journal of Sediment Research 34 (3) (June 2019) 279–294]

Zeinab Khorrami, Mohammad Ali Banihashemi

Pages 399

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Patricio A. Moreno-Casas, Fabián A. Bombardelli, Juan Pablo Toro,

Generalized algorithms for particle motion and collision with streambeds,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 4,

2019,

Pages 295-306,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.10.011. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917301981)

Abstract

Recent theoretical and numerical models for the motion of saltating particles close to stream beds are constituted of three sub-models: a) a set of equations describing the particle “free flight”, b) a sub-model to calculate the post-collision particle velocity, and c) a mathematical representation of the bed roughness. In this paper, a comprehensive three-dimensional (3-D), theoretical/numerical model for bed-load motion at large Reynolds numbers is presented. By using geometric considerations and stochastic parameters to characterize collisions with the wall, five new sub-models for representation of bed roughness are, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, proposed and implemented. The emphasis of this paper is on the particle model, for which Basset, Magnus, drag, submerged weight, virtual mass, and lift forces are included. For the range of particle sizes (sands) analyzed herein, it is found that the stream-wise contribution of the Basset force, compared to other forces, may be as large as 60%. Whereas in the wall-normal direction, the Basset force is equally important as the drag force, and it is exceeded only by the submerged weight. It is also found that the best agreement between numerical and experimental results in terms of jump length, jump height, and stream-wise particle velocity is achieved for restitution and friction coefficients of 0.65 and 0.1, respectively. Important conclusions are obtained regarding the lack of realistic prediction with available “roughness” models with small ranges of angles.

Keywords

Particle saltation; Particle collision; Particle rotation; Bed-load transport; Basset force

Chuangshou Wu, Changchen Ji, Benwei Shi, Yaping Wang, Jianhua Gao, Yang Yang, Jinbin Mu,

The impact of climate change and human activities on streamflow and sediment load in the Pearl River basin,

Volume 34, Issue 4,

2019,

Pages 307-321,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.01.002.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917301658)

Abstract

This paper uses monthly streamflow, suspended sediment concentration, and meteorological data to examine the impact of human activity and climate change on streamflow and sediment load in the Pearl River basin from the 1950s to the 2000s. The influences of climate change and human activities on hydrological processes were quantitatively evaluated using the Mann–Kendall abrupt change test and power rating curves. The results showed that: (1) abrupt changes and turning points in streamflow occurred in 1963, 1983, and 1991 which were found to be consistent with global ENSO events and volcanic eruptions. However, abrupt changes in sediment load showed significant spatial differences across the Pearl River basin. For the Xijiang River, an abrupt change in sediment load occurred in 2002, and after 2007 the change becomes significant at the 95% confidence level. At Beijiang and Dongjiang, abrupt changes in sediment load occurred in 1998 and 1988, respectively. (2) The time series of sediment load data was divided into four periods according to abrupt changes. The contribution of climate change and human activities is different in the different rivers. For the Xijiang River, compared with the first period, climate change and human activities contributed 83% and 17%, respectively, to the increasing sediment load during the second period. In the third period, the variation of sediment load followed a decreasing trend. The contribution from climate change and human activities also changed to +236% and ?136%, respectively. In the fourth period, climate change and human activities contributed ?32% and +132%, respectively. Meanwhile, For the Beijiang River, climate change and human activities contributed 90% and 10% in the second period, the contribution of climate change increased to +115% and human activities decreased to ?15% in the third period. In the fourth period, the value for climate change decreased to +36% and human activities increased to +64%. For the Dongjiang River, the contribution of human activities was from 74.5% to 90%, and the values for climate change were from 11% to 25%. Therefore, the effect of human activity showed both spatial and temporal differences, and it seems likely that the decreased sediment load will continue to be controlled mainly by human activities in the future.

Keywords

Pearl river; Streamflow; Suspended sediment concentration; Climate change; Human activities; Mann-Kendall test

Do Minh Duc, Tran Thanh Tung, Patrick McLaren, Tran Ngoc Anh, Dinh Thi Quynh,

Sediment transport trends and cross-sectional stability of a lagoonal tidal inlet on the Central Coast of Vietnam,

Volume 34, Issue 4,

2019,

Pages 322-334,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.01.001. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917300197)

Abstract

Lagoonal tidal inlets are a typical morphology of the Central Coast of Vietnam. Recently, navigation channels in these inlets have become increasingly threatened by siltation. This study analyses the relations between sediment distribution and transport trends (using the technique of Sediment Trend Analysis-STA?) in the lagoonal system of the De Gi inlet and then proposes appropriate countermeasures against sand deposition in the navigation channel. The STA identified three types of transport trends in the De Gi inlet, namely dynamic equilibrium, net accretion, and net erosion. Processes associated with the tidal prism have resulted in trends of sediment transport and deposition across the flood and ebb tidal shoals, which maintain a present cross-sectional area of about 1000?m². However, longshore sediment transport from north to south resulting from northeast waves cause additional sand deposition in the channel. In addition, the effects of refraction associated with a nearby headland and jetty also increase sedimentation. These processes provide the main reasons for sediment deposition in the De Gi inlet. Short term and regular dredging helps to maintain the navigation channel. A system comprised of three jetties (north, south, and weir) is necessary to ensure the longterm cross-sectional stability of the navigation channel.

Keywords

Lagoon; Tidal inlet; Sediment Trend Analysis (STA); Tidal prism; Cross-sectional stability

K. Sowmya, M. Dhivya Sri, Aparna S. Bhaskar, K.S. Jayappa,

Long-term coastal erosion assessment along the coast of Karnataka, west coast of India,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 4,

2019,

Pages 335-344,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.12.007.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917302822)

Abstract

Coastal areas are always under frequent threat from various natural processes and man-induced activities. Coastal erosion is recognized as the permanent loss of land along the shoreline resulting in the transformation of the coast. The current study focuses on long-term coastal erosion analysis of the entire Karnataka coast using Remote Sensing, Geographical Information System (GIS), Linear Regression Rate (LRR), and End Point Rate (EPR) techniques. Analysis of 26 (1990 to 2016) years of erosion using Landsat images by the use of the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) tool has been done. The results show a high erosion rate at Ullal during this period (LRR -1.3?m/yr) and accretion at Devbagh (LRR 3.2?m/yr). The southern Karnataka coast faces severe erosion especially at Ullal, where the settlement is high. At Thanirbhavi, Mukka, Kota, and Om Beaches erosion also is noticed. Both anthropogenic activities like ports, seawalls, breakwaters, etc. and natural processes like long shore drift, seasonal variation, etc. are factors affecting the shoreline change along the Karnataka coast.

Keywords

Karnataka coast; Landsat images; Erosion; Linear Regression Rate; End Point Rate

Yuan Guo, Xiong (Bill) Yu,

A holistic computational model for prediction of clay suspension structure,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 4,

2019,

Pages 345-354,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.12.002. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627917303761)

Abstract

The formation of clay suspensions involves complex interactions among clay particles subjected to the geochemical environment during the sedimentation process. The structural characteristics have a major influence on the physical and mechanical behavior of the suspension. A modeling framework involving a Discrete Element Method (DEM) model with customized particle mechanical interactions is proposed in this paper for the holistic prediction of the physical structure of clay suspensions. The particle interaction force model is based on the Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (DLVO) theory that accounts for electrostatic repulsion, van der Waals attraction, contact repulsion, etc. Kaolinite is used as the model clay to demonstrate the model performance. The surface charge density of kaolinite is obtained through Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) force measurement and is implemented in the particle interaction force model in the subsequent simulations. Influencing factors, such as centrifugal acceleration, ionic concentration, platy structure of particles, and particle size, on the formation of kaolinite suspensions are studied with the numerical model and compare favorably well with the experimental data. This work lays down a unique framework consisting of computational modeling and microscale characterization of clay particles to holistically predict the characteristics of clay suspensions, which paves the basis to model and predict their bulk physical and mechanical behavior.

Keywords

Clay suspension; Discrete element method; DLVO theory; Atomic force microscope; Kaolinite; Surface potential

Mohammad reza Namaee, Jueyi Sui,

Local scour around two side-by-side cylindrical bridge piers under ice-covered conditions,

Volume 34, Issue 4,

2019,

Pages 355-367,

ISSN 100-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.11.007.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918300945)

Abstract

In the current study, 108 flume experiments with non-uniform, cohesionless sediments have been done to investigate the local scour process around four pairs of side-by-side bridge piers under both open channel and ice-covered flow conditions. Similar to local scour around bridge piers under open channel conditions and a single bridge pier, it was observed in the experiments that the maximum scour depth always occurred at the upstream face of the pier under ice-covered conditions. Further, the smaller the pier size and the greater the spacing distance between the bridge piers, the weaker the horseshoe vortices around the bridge piers, and, thus, the shallower the scour holes around them. Finally, empirical equations were developed to estimate the maximum scour depth around two side-by-side bridge piers under both open channel and ice-covered flow conditions.

Keywords

Bridge pier; Local scour; Maximum scour depth; Non-uniform sediment; Roughness of cover; Scour pattern

Pil Jae Kim, Jong Hyeon Lee, In Ae Huh, DongSoo Kong,

Development of benthic macroinvertebrates sediment index (BSI) for bioassessment of freshwater sediment,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 4,

2019,

Pages 368-378,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.10.014. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918300544)

Abstract

Sediment quality has been evaluated in a variety of ways since the early 1990s in studies from Europe. In South Korea, most studies have used an indicator value for benthic macroinvertebrates based on water quality, not sediment quality. To date, few studies have examined the biological integrity of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in South Korea. In the current study, the tolerance valency and value in samples and the indicator weight values were measured for 43 benthic macroinvertebrate taxa from 73 sampling units in South Korea from 2014 to 2016. Total organic carbon, the amount of heavy metals, and total ammonia nitrogen were analyzed. The average grade for each pollutant was used as the sediment quality index. A benthic macroinvertebrates sediment index was developed for bioassessment of freshwater sediment. The benthic macroinvertebrates sediment index, which is based on the relative frequency of occurrence of macroinvertebrates, was highly correlated with pollution levels in the sediment. This index can be used in the field to assess the contamination of freshwater sediment. As the sample size was small in the current study and there were taxonomic limitations of Chironomidae larvae, further research is needed to improve the reliability of the benthic macroinvertebrates sediment index.

Keywords

Benthic macroinvertebrates; Bioassessment; Freshwater sediment; Sediment quality index

Dejun Zhu, Yongcan Chen,

Implementing of the JPWSPC method in RIV1H for unsteady flow modeling in general river networks,

International Journal of Sediment Research,

Volume 34, Issue 4,

2019,

Pages 379-386,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.12.003. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627918301276)

Abstract

RIV1H is the stand-alone hydraulic program of CE-QUAL-RIV1, a longitudinal hydraulic and water quality model developed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station. RIV1H solves the Saint-Venant equations using the widely accepted four-point implicit Preissmann scheme, and the resulting nonlinear equations are solved using the Newton-Raphson method. RIV1H is capable of simulating multiple branches, and in-stream hydraulic control structures. It treats tributary networks using a double sweep algorithm based on upstream ordering of the branches. It treats the control structures following a downstream solution order, which also is based on the upstream ordering of the branches. Since an upstream ordering cannot be achieved for looped networks, RIV1H is only applicable to non-looped tributary networks. In the current study, the junction-point water stage prediction and correction (JPWSPC) method is extended to take into account the control structures and the method is used to improve the RIV1H model, enabling it to be applied to both non-looped and looped networks with in-stream hydraulic control structures. The JPWSPC method makes the linear equation system for each segment complete while maintaining the banded property, thus the system can be independently and efficiently solved. It has the advantages to be efficient, robust, and very suitable for parallel computing. The improved RIV1H model was tested using two idealized networks and the results demonstrated the success of the improvement.

Keywords

RIV1H; Numerical hydraulic model; River network, Control structure; Junction-point water stage prediction and correction

L.C. van Rijn,

Critical movement of large rocks in currents and waves,

International Journal of Sediment Ressearch,

Volume 34, Issue 4,

2019,

Pages 387-398,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.12.005.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S100162791830177X)

Abstract

Cobbles, boulders, and rocks often are used in a bed protection layer near a structure to protect the underlying sand bed against erosion by combined current and waves. The design of a bed protection layer consisting of loose rocks (rubble mound) requires knowledge of the stability and movement (as bed load) of very coarse materials. If some movement (or damage) is acceptable, the rock diameter can be designed to be smaller. This paper addresses the stability and movement of very coarse materials (cobbles, boulders, and rocks) based on the concept of the critical Shieldsmobility number. It is shown that the bed load transport of large cobbles, boulders, and rocks can be described by the equations of Meyer-Peter and Mueller (MPM) and Cheng. Both are valid for relatively small Shields mobility numbers. New and general equations for the design of a bed protection layer (including some permissible damage) in conditions with a current with or without waves are proposed based on the Shields mobility parameter and the bed load transport equation of Cheng. Laboratory and field data of critical velocities for pebbles, cobbles, boulders, and rocks have been analyzed and compared to the computed results of the proposed equations. Practical applications are given to demonstrate the general applicability of the proposed equations.

Keywords

Rock stability; Bed protection; Critical movement; Bed load transport; Rocks

Zeinab Khorrami, Mohammad Ali Banihashemi,

International Journal of Sediment Ressearch,

Volume 34, Issue 4,

2019,

Pages 399,

ISSN 1001-6279,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.04.003.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001627919301350)